c++对象正在创建同一数组的两个实例，但作用域不同

Question

我的一个类有问题。该类只有1个数组<>成员。我正在构建这个类的静态对象，并初始化函数中的值。问题是永远不会插入值。

当我进入调试器并查看该数组中的一些基本插入语句时，该数组保持为空。但是，如果我进入insert函数本身，我可以看到一个完全相同名称的"second"数组，按预期存储值。

在我看来，似乎有一个静态的外部作用域数组，其中什么都没有，还有一个第二个内部版本(完全相同的数组(，其中正确存储了内容。

我这里缺了什么吗？我真的不知道为什么会发生这种事。

以下是根据请求的最低源代码

循环缓冲区.hpp

#ifndef __ma__circularbuffer_guard
#define __ma__circularbuffer_guard

#include <array>
template < typename T, int SIZE> 
class CircularBuffer
{
private:
int _index;
int _size;
std::array<T, SIZE> _buffer;
public:
CircularBuffer() { _index = 0; _size = SIZE; }
int             length  ();
typename T&     at      (int);
void            insert  (T);
int             index   ();
private:
int     realign (int&);

};
template < typename T, int SIZE> 
int CircularBuffer<T, SIZE>::realign (int& index)
{
if (index >= _size)
{
    index -= _size;
    realign(index);
} else if (index < 0)
{
    index += _size;
    realign(index);
}
return index;
}

template < typename T, int SIZE> 
int CircularBuffer<T, SIZE>::length ()
{
return _size;
}

template < typename T, int SIZE> 
typename T& CircularBuffer<T, SIZE>::at (int index)
{
realign(index);
return _buffer.at(index);
}

template <typename T, int SIZE>
void CircularBuffer<T, SIZE>::insert (T data)
{
realign(_index);
_buffer.at(_index) = data;
_index += 1;
}

template <typename T, int SIZE>
int CircularBuffer<T, SIZE>::index ()
{
return _index;
}
#endif

全局缓冲区初始值设定项

#ifndef __guard__namespace__notes__
#define __guard__namespace__notes__
#include "circularbuffer.hpp"
#include <memory>
typedef CircularBuffer<char, 7> CB_Natural_T;
typedef CircularBuffer<int, 12> CB_Chromatic_T;
static CB_Natural_T WHITENOTES = CB_Natural_T();        // buffer of letter notes
static CB_Chromatic_T POSITIONS = CB_Chromatic_T();     // buffer of absolute positions on keyboard
struct Initialize
{
    Initialize()
    {
        WHITENOTES.insert('C');
        WHITENOTES.insert('D');
        WHITENOTES.insert('E');
        WHITENOTES.insert('F');
        WHITENOTES.insert('G');
        WHITENOTES.insert('A');
        WHITENOTES.insert('B');
        // Initialize all positions
        for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i)
            POSITIONS.insert(i);
    }
};
static Initialize dummy_init_var = Initialize();
#endif

初始化静态缓冲区，以便对其他类进行单元测试。

注释类标题和cpp

#ifndef __guard__note__
#define __guard__note__

#include "macros.h"
#include <string>
#include <memory>

class Note
{
public:
enum Qualities { UNKNOWN = -3, DFLAT, FLAT, NATURAL, SHARP, DSHARP };   // qualities of note
typedef DEF_PTR(Note);                                                  // pointer type
private:
char _letter [1];       // the letter of the note
std::string _name;      // the full name of the note    
int _value;             // absolute value
int _position;          // relative position
Qualities _quality;     // sharp/natural/flat quality
public:
Note();
Note(char);             // letter
Note(char, Qualities);  // letter, and quality
// setters
void sharp();       // Sets the quality of the note to 1
void Dsharp();      // Sets the quality of the note to 2
void flat();        // Sets the quality of the note to -1
void Dflat();       // Sets the quality of the note to -2
void natural();     // Sets the quality of the note to 0
// getters
char letter() const;        /* returns character letter */
std::string name() const;   /* returns true name of note */
int position() const;       /* returns relative position on keyboard */
int quality() const;        /* returns the quality of the note */
void respell() const;       /* respells a note to the nearest other note */
static pointer_type make(char);             // returns a shared pointer of a new Note
static pointer_type make(char, Qualities);  // returns a shared pointer of a new Note
// operators
bool operator ==(Note& r) const;    // Returns true if Notes are truly equal
bool operator !=(Note& r) const;    // Returns true if Notes are truly not equal
bool isEnharmonic(Note& r) const;   // Returns true if Notes are enharmonically equal
bool isNatural() const;             // Returns true if Note is natural
bool isSharp() const;               // Returns true if Note is sharp
bool isDSharp() const;              // Returns true if Note is double sharp
bool isFlat() const;                // Returns true if Note is flat
bool isDFlat() const;               // Returns true if Note is double flat
private:
void makeName();    /* sets name of Note */
};

#endif

#include "note.h"
Note::Note() 
{
_letter[1] = 'u';
_name = ""; 
_value = -1; 
_quality = UNKNOWN;
_position = -1;
}
Note::Note(char l)
{
_letter[1] = l;
// determine absolute value based on letter
switch (l)
{
case 'C':
    _value = 0; break;
case 'D':
    _value = 2; break;
case 'E':
    _value = 4; break;
case 'F':
    _value = 5; break;
case 'G':
    _value = 7; break;
case 'A':
    _value = 9; break;
case 'B':
    _value = 11; break;
default:
    _value = -1; break;
}
_quality = NATURAL;
_position = _value + _quality;
makeName();
}
Note::Note(char l, Note::Qualities q)
{
_letter[1] = l;
// determine absolute value based on letter given
switch (l)
{
case 'C':
    _value = 0; break;
case 'D':
    _value = 2; break;
case 'E':
    _value = 4; break;
case 'F':
    _value = 5; break;
case 'G':
    _value = 7; break;
case 'A':
    _value = 9; break;
case 'B':
    _value = 11; break;
default:
    _value = -1; break;
}
_quality = q;       // assert for good data
_position = _value + _quality;
makeName();
}
void Note::sharp()      { _quality = SHARP;     _position = _value + 1; makeName();}
void Note::Dsharp()     { _quality = DSHARP;    _position = _value + 2; makeName();}
void Note::flat()       { _quality = FLAT;      _position = _value - 1; makeName();}
void Note::Dflat()      { _quality = DFLAT;     _position = _value - 2; makeName();}
void Note::natural()    { _quality = NATURAL;   _position = _value;     makeName(); }
char Note::letter() const       { return _letter[1]; }
std::string Note::name() const  { return _name; }
int Note::position() const      { return _position; }
int Note::quality () const      { return _quality; }

Note::pointer_type Note::make(char l)                    { return pointer_type(new Note(l)); }
Note::pointer_type Note::make(char l, Note::Qualities q) { return pointer_type(new Note(l, q)); }
void Note::makeName()
{
_name = "";
_name += _letter[1];    // add letter to name
// find out quality, add quality to name
switch (_quality)
{
case DFLAT:
    _name += "bb"; break;
case FLAT:
    _name += "b"; break;
case SHARP:
    _name += "#"; break;
case DSHARP:
    _name += "x"; break;
case NATURAL:
    break;
default:
    _name += "u"; break;
}
}
bool Note::operator ==(Note& r) const
{
// true if letter, value, position, and quality are all equal
return (_letter[1] == r._letter[1]) && (_value == r._value) && (_position == r._position) && (_quality == r._quality);
}
bool Note::operator !=(Note& r) const
{
return !(*this == r);
}
bool Note::isEnharmonic (Note& r) const
{
return (_position == r._position);
}
bool Note::isNatural() const
{
return _quality == NATURAL;
}
bool Note::isSharp() const
{
return _quality == SHARP;
}
bool Note::isDSharp() const
{
return _quality == DSHARP;
}
bool Note::isFlat() const
{
return _quality == FLAT;
}
bool Note::isDFlat() const
{
return _quality == DFLAT;
}

我也会发布间隔，但那个间隔很大。但基本上，在一个名为findInterval 的Intervals函数中有这样的代码

间隔：：findInterval

void Interval::findInterval(Note& bottom, Note& top)
{
int index = 0;      // temp placeholder for start position
// find where the bottom note is in relation to buffer
for (int i = 0; i < WHITENOTES.length(); ++i)
{
    if (bottom.letter() == WHITENOTES.at(i))
    {
        index = i;  // set start position to this position
        break;
    }
}
// find the interpreted interval
// starting from index, with offset of length + index
for (int i = index; i < (index + WHITENOTES.length()); ++i)
{
    if (top.letter() == WHITENOTES.at(i))
    {
        _interval = i - index;  // set interval
        break;
    }
}
// modify index to serve as the position of the bottom note
index = bottom.position();
// find the physical distance
for (int i = index; i < (index + POSITIONS.length()); ++i)
{
    if (top.position() == POSITIONS.at(i))      // values match
    {
        _distance = i - index;                  // set physical distance
        break;
    }
    else if (top.position() > 11 && ((top.position() - 11) == POSITIONS.at(i)))     // if top position is higher than octave
    {
        _distance = (i - index) + 11;
        break;
    }
}

}

它无法在这里设置数据成员，因为WHITENOTES是空的，即使我调用它来用静态结构初始化它。

另一件需要注意的事情是，如果我编译ut_interval，测试都会完美无误地返回，并且当我在调试器中检查缓冲区的值时，它们显示为\0。然而，它仍然会通过if语句，并将字符与字母匹配(这是调试器中对字符的某种加密吗？(

然而，ut_chord中包含完全相同的#，并且它无法评估间隔

这是区间ut和和弦ut 的样本

ut_interval

#include "../common/namespace_notes.h"
#include "../common/note.h"
#include "../common/interval.h"
#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE IntervalTest
#include <boost/test/auto_unit_test.hpp>

#define TEST_IVL(i, dist, itv, q, n) 
BOOST_CHECK(i.distance() == dist); 
BOOST_CHECK(i.interval() == i.itv); 
BOOST_CHECK(i.quality() == i.q); 
BOOST_CHECK(i.name() == n)

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(INTERVAL_UNISONS)
{
// make some notes
Note C = Note('C');
Note Cs = Note('C', Cs.SHARP);
Note Cds = Note('C', Cds.DSHARP);
Note Cf = Note('C', Cf.FLAT);
Note Cdf = Note('C', Cdf.DFLAT);
// make some intervals
Interval PUnison = Interval(C, C);
Interval AugUnison = Interval(C, Cs);
Interval Aug2Unison = Interval(C, Cds);
Interval DimUnison = Interval(C, Cf);
Interval Dim2Unison = Interval(C, Cdf);
// make sure members are accurate
TEST_IVL(PUnison, 0, UNISON, PER, "Perfect Unison");
BOOST_CHECK(PUnison.isPerfect());
TEST_IVL(AugUnison, 1, UNISON, AUG, "Augmented Unison");
BOOST_CHECK(AugUnison.isAugmented());
TEST_IVL(Aug2Unison, 2, UNISON, AUG, "Augmented Unison");
BOOST_CHECK(AugUnison.isAugmented());
TEST_IVL(DimUnison, 1, UNISON, AUG, "Augmented Unison");
BOOST_CHECK(DimUnison.isAugmented());
TEST_IVL(Dim2Unison, 2, UNISON, AUG, "Augmented Unison");
BOOST_CHECK(Dim2Unison.isAugmented());
}

ut_chord

#include "../common/namespace_notes.h"
#include "../common/note.h"
#include "../common/interval.h"
#include "../common/chord.h"
#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE ChordTest
#include <boost/test/auto_unit_test.hpp>
#include <memory>

BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ChordConstructor)
{
typedef std::shared_ptr<Note> nt;
nt C = nt(new Note('C'));
nt E = nt(new Note('E'));
nt G = nt(new Note('G'));
nt B = nt(new Note('B'));
Interval PUnison = Interval(*C, *C); // cannot determine this interval
Chord C7 = Chord(C , E, G, B);
Chord C72 = Chord(B, G, E, C);
Chord C73 = Chord(E, G, C, B);
}

Answer 1

首先，不应该包含.cpp文件。要解决链接器问题，请遵循包含模型：将函数定义放置在模板的头文件中。

其次，我尝试了下面的示例程序，它现在可以工作了——问题可能是由于链接器错误造成的。

阅读此SO问题，了解有关包含cpp文件(和模板(的更多信息。

main.cpp:

#include <array>
#include "circularbuffer.h"

typedef CircularBuffer<char, 7> CB_Natural_T;
typedef CircularBuffer<int, 12> CB_Chromatic_T;
static CB_Natural_T WHITENOTES = CB_Natural_T();        // buffer of letter notes
static CB_Chromatic_T POSITIONS = CB_Chromatic_T(); 
int main()
{   
    WHITENOTES.insert('C');
    WHITENOTES.insert('D');
    WHITENOTES.insert('E');
    WHITENOTES.insert('F');
    WHITENOTES.insert('G');
    WHITENOTES.insert('A');
    WHITENOTES.insert('B');
    // Initialize all positions
    for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i)
        POSITIONS.insert(i);
    return 0;
}

循环缓冲液.h:

#ifndef _CIRCULAR_BUFFER_H
#define _CIRCULAR_BUFFER_H
#include <array>
template < class T, int SIZE> 
class CircularBuffer
{
private:
    int _index;
    int _size;
    std::array<T, SIZE> _buffer;
public:
    CircularBuffer() : _index(0), _size(SIZE), _buffer() {}
    int length ()
    {
        return _size;
    }
    T& at (int index)
    {
        realign(index);
        return _buffer.at(index);
    }
    void insert (T data)
    {
        realign(_index);
        _buffer.at(_index) = data;
        _index += 1;
    }
    int index ()
    {
        return _index;
    }
private:
    int realign (int& index)
    {
        if (index >= _size)
        {
            index -= _size;
            realign(index);
        } else if (index < 0)
        {
            index += _size;
            realign(index);
        }
        return index;
    }
};
#endif

此外，请使用包含保护来确保您的文件不会被包含两次。

Answer 2

static CB_Natural_T WHITENOTES = CB_Natural_T();
static CB_Chromatic_T POSITIONS = CB_Chromatic_T();

正是这两个人的行为不像你所期望的那样，对吧？既然这些都是全局的，你应该放

extern CB_Natural_T WHITENOTES;
extern CB_Chromatic_T POSITIONS;

到头文件中声明它们和

CB_Natural_T WHITENOTES;
CB_Chromatic_T POSITIONS;

以实际定义它们。static导致这些对象具有内部链接，因此包含标头的每个文件(确切地说：编译单元(都将创建两个这样的对象，而不是在不同的文件之间共享它们。

我也认为这两个物体是常数，对吧？在这种情况下，您可以这样声明它们。然后，您将需要一个生成这些对象的助手或一个允许初始化的构造函数：

CB_Natural_T whitenotes()
{
    CB_Natural_T init;
    ...
    return init;
}
CB_Natural_T const WHITENOTES = whitenotes();

注：

• 如前所述，"=T(("是多余的
• 模板SIZE参数存储在int中，这是不必要的，因为该值始终存在
• 您使用的是一个realign()函数，它既修改参数又返回结果。我只会用其中一个。此外，由于它是一个只修改参数而不接触任何成员的函数(请参阅上面的要点！(，因此可以将其设为静态函数。至少它应该是一个常量成员函数