如何获取第 n 个随机"nextInt"值?



当使用类java.util.Random时,如何以更有效的方式(特别是在O(1)中)获得从n次调用方法nextInt()中获得的值?

例如,如果我构造一个具有特定种子值的 Random 对象,并且我想快速获取第 100,000 个"nextInt() 值"(即调用方法 nextInt() 100,000 次后获得的值),我可以做到吗?

为简单起见,假设 JDK 的版本为 1.7.06,因为可能需要知道类 Random 中某些私有字段的确切值。说到这里,我发现以下字段与随机值的计算相关:

private static final long multiplier = 0x5DEECE66DL;
private static final long addend = 0xBL;
private static final long mask = (1L << 48) - 1;

在探索了一些关于随机性的知识之后,我发现随机值是使用线性同余生成器获得的。执行算法的实际方法是方法 next(int):

protected int next(int bits) {
    long oldseed, nextseed;
    AtomicLong seed = this.seed;
    do {
        oldseed = seed.get();
        nextseed = (oldseed * multiplier + addend) & mask;
    } while (!seed.compareAndSet(oldseed, nextseed));
    return (int)(nextseed >>> (48 - bits));
}

算法的相关行是获取下一个种子值的行:

nextseed = (oldseed * multiplier + addend) & mask;

那么,更具体地说,有没有办法推广这个公式以获得"第 n 个下一个种子"值?我在这里假设在拥有它之后,我可以通过让变量"bits"为 32 来简单地获取第 n 个 int 值(方法nextInt() 只是调用 next(32) 并返回结果)。

提前致谢

PS:也许这是一个更适合数学交流的问题?

你可以在O(log N)时间内完成。从 s(0) 开始,如果我们暂时忽略模数 (248),我们可以看到(使用 ma 作为 multiplieraddend 的简写)

s(1) = s(0) * m + a
s(2) = s(1) * m + a = s(0) * m² + (m + 1) * a
s(3) = s(2) * m + a = s(0) * m³ + (m² + m + 1) * a
...
s(N) = s(0) * m^N + (m^(N-1) + ... + m + 1) * a

现在,可以通过重复平方的模幂轻松地以O(log N)步长计算m^N (mod 2^48)

另一部分有点复杂。暂时再次忽略模量,几何和为

(m^N - 1) / (m - 1)

使计算这个模2^48有点不平凡的是m - 1不是模的互质。然而,由于

m = 0x5DEECE66DL

m-1和模的最大公约数是4,(m-1)/4有一个模逆inv2^48。让

c = (m^N - 1) (mod 4*2^48)

然后

(c / 4) * inv ≡ (m^N - 1) / (m - 1) (mod 2^48)

所以

  • 计算M ≡ m^N (mod 2^50)
  • 计算inv

要获得

s(N) ≡ s(0)*M + ((M - 1)/4)*inv*a (mod 2^48)

我已经接受了Daniel Fischer的答案,因为它是正确的,并给出了一般的解决方案。使用 Daniel 的答案,这里有一个带有 java 代码的具体示例,它显示了公式的基本实现(我广泛使用了类 BigInteger,所以它可能不是最佳的,但我确认了实际调用方法 nextInt() N 次的基本方式的显着加速):

import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.util.Random;

public class RandomNthNextInt {
    // copied from java.util.Random =========================
    private static final long   multiplier  = 0x5DEECE66DL;
    private static final long   addend      = 0xBL;
    private static final long   mask        = (1L << 48) - 1;

    private static long initialScramble(long seed) {
        return (seed ^ multiplier) & mask;
    }
    private static int getNextInt(long nextSeed) {
        return (int)(nextSeed >>> (48 - 32));
    }
    // ======================================================
    private static final BigInteger mod = BigInteger.valueOf(mask + 1L);
    private static final BigInteger inv = BigInteger.valueOf((multiplier - 1L) / 4L).modInverse(mod);

    /**
     * Returns the value obtained after calling the method {@link Random#nextInt()} {@code n} times from a
     * {@link Random} object initialized with the {@code seed} value.
     * <p>
     * This method does not actually create any {@code Random} instance, instead it applies a direct formula which
     * calculates the expected value in a more efficient way (close to O(log N)).
     * 
     * @param seed
     *            The initial seed value of the supposed {@code Random} object
     * @param n
     *            The index (starting at 1) of the "nextInt() value"
     * @return the nth "nextInt() value" of a {@code Random} object initialized with the given seed value
     * @throws IllegalArgumentException
     *             If {@code n} is not positive
     */
    public static long getNthNextInt(long seed, long n) {
        if (n < 1L) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("n must be positive");
        }
        final BigInteger seedZero = BigInteger.valueOf(initialScramble(seed));
        final BigInteger nthSeed = calculateNthSeed(seedZero, n);
        return getNextInt(nthSeed.longValue());
    }
    private static BigInteger calculateNthSeed(BigInteger seed0, long n) {
        final BigInteger largeM = calculateLargeM(n);
        final BigInteger largeMmin1div4 = largeM.subtract(BigInteger.ONE).divide(BigInteger.valueOf(4L));
        return seed0.multiply(largeM).add(largeMmin1div4.multiply(inv).multiply(BigInteger.valueOf(addend))).mod(mod);
    }
    private static BigInteger calculateLargeM(long n) {
        return BigInteger.valueOf(multiplier).modPow(BigInteger.valueOf(n), BigInteger.valueOf(1L << 50));
    }
    // =========================== Testing stuff ======================================
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final long n = 100000L; // change this to test other values
        final long seed = 1L; // change this to test other values
        System.out.println(n + "th nextInt (formula) = " + getNthNextInt(seed, n));
        System.out.println(n + "th nextInt (slow)    = " + getNthNextIntSlow(seed, n));
    }
    private static int getNthNextIntSlow(long seed, long n) {
        if (n < 1L) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("n must be positive");
        }
        final Random rand = new Random(seed);
        for (long eL = 0; eL < (n - 1); eL++) {
            rand.nextInt();
        }
        return rand.nextInt();
    }
}

注意:请注意方法initialScramble(long),它用于获取第一个种子值。这是类 Random 在使用特定种子初始化实例时的行为。

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