为什么我在这个PostgreSQL查询上得到一个'Hash Join'和FTS?



我正在尝试优化以下场景:

文字格式:我有2个表,alertsuser_devices;在user_devices中,我们跟踪耦合到user_id的设备是否想要获得通知,在alerts表中,我们跟踪用户到通知器的关系。基本上,任务是选择每个有任何警报的user_id,并允许通知到任何注册到它的设备。

表'alerts',大约900k条记录:

               Table "public.alerts"
   Column    |           Type           | Modifiers 
-------------+--------------------------+-----------
 id          | uuid                     | not null
 user_id     | uuid                     | 
 target_id   | uuid                     | 
 target_type | text                     | 
 added_on    | timestamp with time zone | 
 old_id      | text                     | 
Indexes:
    "alerts_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
    "one_alert_per_business_per_user" UNIQUE CONSTRAINT, btree (user_id, target_id)
    "addedon" btree (added_on)
    "targetid" btree (target_id)
    "userid" btree (user_id)
    "userid_targetid" btree (user_id, target_id)
Foreign-key constraints:
    "alerts_user_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id)

表'user_devices',大约12k的记录:

                Table "public.user_devices"
       Column        |           Type           | Modifiers 
---------------------+--------------------------+-----------
 id                  | uuid                     | not null
 user_id             | uuid                     | 
 device_id           | text                     | 
 device_token        | text                     | 
 push_notify_enabled | boolean                  | 
 device_type         | integer                  | 
 device_name         | text                     | 
 badge_count         | integer                  | 
 added_on            | timestamp with time zone | 
Indexes:
    "user_devices_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
    "push_notification" btree (push_notify_enabled)
    "user_id" btree (user_id)
    "user_id_push_notification" btree (user_id, push_notify_enabled)
Foreign-key constraints:
    "user_devices_user_id_fkey" FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(id)

下面的查询:

select COUNT(DISTINCT a.user_id) 
from alerts a 
  inner join user_devices ud on a.user_id = ud.user_id 
WHERE ud.push_notify_enabled = true;

耗时约3秒,生成如下计划:

explain select COUNT(DISTINCT a.user_id) from alerts a inner join user_devices ud on a.user_id = ud.user_id WHERE ud.push_notify_enabled = true;
                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Aggregate  (cost=49777.32..49777.33 rows=1 width=16)
   ->  Hash Join  (cost=34508.97..48239.63 rows=615074 width=16)
         Hash Cond: (ud.user_id = a.user_id)
         ->  Seq Scan on user_devices ud  (cost=0.00..480.75 rows=9202 width=16)
               Filter: push_notify_enabled
         ->  Hash  (cost=20572.32..20572.32 rows=801732 width=16)
               ->  Seq Scan on alerts a  (cost=0.00..20572.32 rows=801732 width=16)

我错过了什么,有没有办法加快速度?

谢谢。

== edit ==

按照建议,尝试将条件移动到join中,没有区别:

=> explain select COUNT(DISTINCT a.user_id) from alerts a inner join user_devices ud on a.user_id = ud.user_id and ud.push_notify_enabled;
                                     QUERY PLAN                                     
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Aggregate  (cost=49777.32..49777.33 rows=1 width=16)
   ->  Hash Join  (cost=34508.97..48239.63 rows=615074 width=16)
         Hash Cond: (ud.user_id = a.user_id)
         ->  Seq Scan on user_devices ud  (cost=0.00..480.75 rows=9202 width=16)
               Filter: push_notify_enabled
         ->  Hash  (cost=20572.32..20572.32 rows=801732 width=16)
               ->  Seq Scan on alerts a  (cost=0.00..20572.32 rows=801732 width=16)

所以,没有办法摆脱2个FTS?如果我至少能让它以某种方式使用"警报"表上的索引,那就太好了。

== edit ==

添加' EXPLAIN ANALYZE.

=> explain ANALYZE select COUNT(DISTINCT a.user_id) from alerts a inner join user_devices ud on a.user_id = ud.user_id and ud.push_notify_enabled;
                                                             QUERY PLAN                                                              
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Aggregate  (cost=49777.32..49777.33 rows=1 width=16) (actual time=5254.355..5254.356 rows=1 loops=1)
   ->  Hash Join  (cost=34508.97..48239.63 rows=615074 width=16) (actual time=1824.607..2863.635 rows=614768 loops=1)
         Hash Cond: (ud.user_id = a.user_id)
         ->  Seq Scan on user_devices ud  (cost=0.00..480.75 rows=9202 width=16) (actual time=0.048..16.784 rows=9186 loops=1)
               Filter: push_notify_enabled
         ->  Hash  (cost=20572.32..20572.32 rows=801732 width=16) (actual time=1824.229..1824.229 rows=801765 loops=1)
               Buckets: 4096  Batches: 32  Memory Usage: 990kB
               ->  Seq Scan on alerts a  (cost=0.00..20572.32 rows=801732 width=16) (actual time=0.047..878.429 rows=801765 loops=1)
 Total runtime: 5255.427 ms
(9 rows)

===编辑===

添加请求的配置。大部分是Ubuntu PG9.1默认值:

/etc/postgresql/9.1/main# cat postgresql.conf | grep -e "work_mem" -e "effective_cache" -e "shared_buff" -e "random_page_c"
shared_buffers = 24MB           # min 128kB
#work_mem = 1MB             # min 64kB
#maintenance_work_mem = 16MB        # min 1MB
#wal_buffers = -1           # min 32kB, -1 sets based on shared_buffers
#random_page_cost = 4.0         # same scale as above
#effective_cache_size = 128MB

用部分索引替换索引:

DROP INDEX    user_id_push_notification ;
CREATE INDEX    user_id_push_notification ON user_devices (user_id)
 WHERE push_notify_enabled =True
 ;

,并将random_page_cost设置为较低的值:

SET random_page_cost = 1.1;

给我造成了一个Index Scan using push_notification on user_devices ud (<300 ms)。YMMV。

警报上的序列扫描似乎或多或少是不可避免的,因为您期望800K/900K:= 88%)行。只有当行大小非常大时,索引扫描才有效。

UPDATE:将users表添加到查询中似乎会强制执行三重索引扫描。(但几乎同时)

explain  ANALYZE
select COUNT(DISTINCT a.user_id)
from alerts a
join user_devices ud on a.user_id = ud.user_id
join users us on a.user_id = us.id
WHERE ud.push_notify_enabled = true;

正如评论中所说,真正的问题是对alerts表的完整扫描。逻辑上,对于给定的用户ID, alerts中的任何和所有记录都可以匹配该用户ID。

有一个条件可能会限制扫描:push_notify_enabled;你不需要false的行。但是在这列上没有索引,所以在alerts上完全扫描仍然是连接两个表的最快方法。

push_notify_enabled上尝试使用位图索引,如果你的Postgres版本支持的话。

为了加快查询速度,您必须限制alerts中扫描的行数,也就是说,在alerts的某些索引列上添加条件。如果索引具有足够的选择性,则可以使用索引扫描而不是完整扫描。

例如,如果有意义的话,您可以按目标ID或某些与日期相关的列进行过滤。

如果你有900k的警报,这些警报都是活跃的,并且可以在用户之间任意共享,你几乎没有选择;可能增加RAM以保持alerts表始终缓存可能会有所帮助。(添加硬件通常是最简单和最经济的解决方案。)

AFAICT您只对与推送通知相关的警报感兴趣。如果有推送通知的用户从不与没有推送通知的用户共享警报,则可以根据此条件有效地拆分alerts

如果您有位图索引,您可以将push_notify_enabled列移动到alerts。否则,您可以尝试在该列上使用分区对其进行物理分割。如果带有推送通知的警报数量明显低于警报总数,则将扫描alerts的一小部分以进行连接。

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