可恢复未来:等待第一个通常会返回



我有一些CompletableFuture,我想并行运行它们,等待第一个正常返回。

我知道我可以使用CompletableFuture.anyOf来等待第一个返回,但这会正常例外地返回。我想忽略异常。

List<CompletableFuture<?>> futures = names.stream().map(
  (String name) ->
    CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(
      () ->
        // this calling may throw exceptions.
        new Task(name).run()
    )
).collect(Collectors.toList());
//FIXME Can not ignore exceptionally returned takes.
Future any = CompletableFuture.anyOf(futures.toArray(new CompletableFuture<?>[]{}));
try {
    logger.info(any.get().toString());
} catch (Exception e) {
    e.printStackTrace();
}

您可以使用以下帮助程序方法:

public static <T>
    CompletableFuture<T> anyOf(List<? extends CompletionStage<? extends T>> l) {
    CompletableFuture<T> f=new CompletableFuture<>();
    Consumer<T> complete=f::complete;
    l.forEach(s -> s.thenAccept(complete));
    return f;
}

您可以像这样使用它来证明它将忽略早期的异常,但返回第一个提供的值:

List<CompletableFuture<String>> futures = Arrays.asList(
    CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(
        () -> { throw new RuntimeException("failing immediately"); }
    ),
    CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(
        () -> { LockSupport.parkNanos(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(5));
          return "with 5s delay";
        }),
    CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(
        () -> { LockSupport.parkNanos(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(10));
          return "with 10s delay";
        })
);
CompletableFuture<String> c = anyOf(futures);
logger.info(c.join());

这种解决方案的一个缺点是,如果所有期货都异常完成,它将永远不会完成。如果计算成功,它将提供第一个值,但如果根本没有成功的计算,则会异常失败的解决方案涉及更多:

public static <T>
    CompletableFuture<T> anyOf(List<? extends CompletionStage<? extends T>> l) {
    CompletableFuture<T> f=new CompletableFuture<>();
    Consumer<T> complete=f::complete;
    CompletableFuture.allOf(
        l.stream().map(s -> s.thenAccept(complete)).toArray(CompletableFuture<?>[]::new)
    ).exceptionally(ex -> { f.completeExceptionally(ex); return null; });
    return f;
}

它利用了这样一个事实,即allOf的异常处理程序仅在所有期货完成(异常或否(之后被调用,并且未来只能完成一次(撇开像obtrude…这样的特殊事情(。执行异常处理程序时,任何使用结果完成未来(如果有(的尝试都已完成,因此只有在以前没有成功完成的情况下,异常完成它的尝试才会成功。

它可以以与第一个解决方案完全相同的方式使用,并且只有在所有计算都失败时才表现出不同的行为,例如:

List<CompletableFuture<String>> futures = Arrays.asList(
    CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(
        () -> { throw new RuntimeException("failing immediately"); }
    ),
    CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(
        // delayed to demonstrate that the solution will wait for all completions
        // to ensure it doesn't miss a possible successful computation
        () -> { LockSupport.parkNanos(TimeUnit.SECONDS.toNanos(5));
            throw new RuntimeException("failing later"); }
    )
);
CompletableFuture<String> c = anyOf(futures);
try { logger.info(c.join()); }
catch(CompletionException ex) { logger.severe(ex.toString()); }

上面的示例使用延迟来演示解决方案在没有成功时将等待所有完成,而 ideone 上的此示例将演示以后的成功如何将结果转化为成功。请注意,由于 Ideones 缓存结果,您可能不会注意到延迟。

请注意,如果所有期货都失败,则无法保证哪些例外情况将被报告。由于它会等待错误情况下的所有完成,因此任何完成都可能达到最终结果。

考虑到:

  1. Java哲学的基础之一是防止或阻止不良的编程实践。

    (它在多大程度上成功地做到了这一点是另一个争论的主题;不可否认,这仍然是该语言的主要目标之一。

  2. 忽略异常是一种非常糟糕的做法。

    异常应始终重新抛出到上面的层,或处理,或至少报告。具体来说,异常永远不应该被默默吞噬。

  3. 应尽早报告错误。

    例如,查看运行时为了提供快速失败迭代器所经历的痛苦,如果在迭代时修改集合,则会抛出 ConcurrentModificationException

  4. 忽略异常完成的CompletableFuture意味着 a( 您没有尽早报告错误,以及 b( 您可能计划根本不报告错误。

  5. 无法简单地等待第一个非异常完成,而不得不被异常完成所困扰,这不会造成任何重大负担,因为您始终可以从列表中删除异常完成的项目(同时不要忘记报告失败,对吧?(并重复等待。

因此,如果 Java 中故意缺少所寻求的功能,我不会感到惊讶,我愿意争辩说它理所当然地缺失了。

(对不起,索蒂里奥斯,没有规范的答案。

嗯,这是框架应该支持的方法。首先,我认为CompletionStage.applyToBoth做了类似的事情,但事实证明它没有。所以我想出了这个解决方案:

public static <U> CompletionStage<U> firstCompleted(Collection<CompletionStage<U>> stages) {
  final int count = stages.size();
  if (count <= 0) {
    throw new IllegalArgumentException("stages must not be empty");
  }
  final AtomicInteger settled = new AtomicInteger();
  final CompletableFuture<U> future = new CompletableFuture<U>();
  BiConsumer<U, Throwable> consumer = (val, exc) -> {
    if (exc == null) {
      future.complete(val);
    } else {
      if (settled.incrementAndGet() >= count) {
        // Complete with the last exception. You can aggregate all the exceptions if you wish.
        future.completeExceptionally(exc);
      }
    }
  };
  for (CompletionStage<U> item : stages) {
    item.whenComplete(consumer);
  }
  return future;
}

要查看它的实际效果,这里有一些用法:

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletionStage;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
import java.util.function.BiConsumer;
public class Main {
  public static <U> CompletionStage<U> firstCompleted(Collection<CompletionStage<U>> stages) {
    final int count = stages.size();
    if (count <= 0) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException("stages must not be empty");
    }
    final AtomicInteger settled = new AtomicInteger();
    final CompletableFuture<U> future = new CompletableFuture<U>();
    BiConsumer<U, Throwable> consumer = (val, exc) -> {
      if (exc == null) {
        future.complete(val);
      } else {
        if (settled.incrementAndGet() >= count) {
          // Complete with the last exception. You can aggregate all the exceptions if you wish.
          future.completeExceptionally(exc);
        }
      }
    };
    for (CompletionStage<U> item : stages) {
      item.whenComplete(consumer);
    }
    return future;
  }
  private static final ScheduledExecutorService worker = Executors.newSingleThreadScheduledExecutor();
  public static <U> CompletionStage<U> delayed(final U value, long delay) {
    CompletableFuture<U> future = new CompletableFuture<U>();
    worker.schedule(() -> {
      future.complete(value);
    }, delay, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
    return future;
  }
  public static <U> CompletionStage<U> delayedExceptionally(final Throwable value, long delay) {
    CompletableFuture<U> future = new CompletableFuture<U>();
    worker.schedule(() -> {
      future.completeExceptionally(value);
    }, delay, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
    return future;
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
    System.out.println("Started...");
    /*
    // Looks like applyToEither doesn't work as expected
    CompletableFuture<Integer> a = CompletableFuture.completedFuture(99);
    CompletableFuture<Integer> b = Main.<Integer>completedExceptionally(new Exception("Exc")).toCompletableFuture();
    System.out.println(b.applyToEither(a, x -> x).get()); // throws Exc
    */
    try {
      List<CompletionStage<Integer>> futures = new ArrayList<>();
      futures.add(Main.<Integer>delayedExceptionally(new Exception("Exception #1"), 100));
      futures.add(Main.<Integer>delayedExceptionally(new Exception("Exception #2"), 200));
      futures.add(delayed(1, 1000));
      futures.add(Main.<Integer>delayedExceptionally(new Exception("Exception #4"), 400));
      futures.add(delayed(2, 500));
      futures.add(Main.<Integer>delayedExceptionally(new Exception("Exception #5"), 600));
      Integer value = firstCompleted(futures).toCompletableFuture().get();
      System.out.println("Completed normally: " + value);
    } catch (Exception ex) {
      System.out.println("Completed exceptionally");
      ex.printStackTrace();
    }
    try {
      List<CompletionStage<Integer>> futures = new ArrayList<>();
      futures.add(Main.<Integer>delayedExceptionally(new Exception("Exception B#1"), 400));
      futures.add(Main.<Integer>delayedExceptionally(new Exception("Exception B#2"), 200));
      Integer value = firstCompleted(futures).toCompletableFuture().get();
      System.out.println("Completed normally: " + value);
    } catch (Exception ex) {
      System.out.println("Completed exceptionally");
      ex.printStackTrace();
    }
    System.out.println("End...");
  }
}

我发现Vertx - CompositeFuture.any 方法在这种情况下非常有用。它是为完全相同的情况而设计的。当然,你必须用户顶点定义未来。Vertx CompositeFuture API Docs

对上面的代码进行了一些更改,允许测试第一个结果是否是预期的。

public class MyTask implements Callable<String> {
    @Override
    public String call() throws Exception {
        int randomNum = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(5, 20 + 1);
        for (int i = 0; i < randomNum; i++) {
            TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
        }
        return "MyTest" + randomNum;
    }
}

public class CompletableFutureUtils {
    private static <T> T resolve(FutureTask<T> futureTask) {
        try {
            futureTask.run();
            return futureTask.get();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException(e);
        }
    }
    private static <V> boolean predicate(Predicate<V> predicate, V v) {
        try {
            return predicate.test(v);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            return false;
        }
    }
    public static <T> void cancel(List<FutureTask<T>> futureTasks) {
        if (futureTasks != null && futureTasks.isEmpty() == false) {
            futureTasks.stream().filter(f -> f.isDone() == false).forEach(f -> f.cancel(true));
        }
    }
    public static <V> CompletableFuture<V> supplyAsync(List<FutureTask<V>> futureTasks, Predicate<V> predicate) {
        return supplyAsync(futureTasks, predicate, null);
    }
    public static <V> CompletableFuture<V> supplyAsync(List<FutureTask<V>> futureTasks, Predicate<V> predicate,
            Executor executor) {
        final int count = futureTasks.size();
        final AtomicInteger settled = new AtomicInteger();
        final CompletableFuture<V> result = new CompletableFuture<V>();
        final BiConsumer<V, Throwable> action = (value, ex) -> {
            settled.incrementAndGet();
            if (result.isDone() == false) {
                if (ex == null) {
                    if (predicate(predicate, value)) {
                        result.complete(value);
                        cancel(futureTasks);
                    } else if (settled.get() >= count) {
                        result.complete(null);
                    }
                } else if (settled.get() >= count) {
                    result.completeExceptionally(ex);
                }
            }
        };
        for (FutureTask<V> futureTask : futureTasks) {
            if (executor != null) {
                CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> resolve(futureTask), executor).whenCompleteAsync(action, executor);
            } else {
                CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> resolve(futureTask)).whenCompleteAsync(action);
            }
        }
        return result;
    }
}
public class DemoApplication {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        List<FutureTask<String>> tasks = new ArrayList<FutureTask<String>>();
        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
            FutureTask<String> task = new FutureTask<String>(new MyTask());
            tasks.add(task);
        }
        Predicate<String> test = (s) -> true;
        CompletableFuture<String> result = CompletableFutureUtils.supplyAsync(tasks, test);
        try {
            String s = result.get(20, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
            System.out.println("result=" + s);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            CompletableFutureUtils.cancel(tasks);
        }
    }
}

调用CompletableFutureUtils.cancel(tasks);非常重要,因此当发生超时时,它将取消后台任务。

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