我有一个在Heroku上运行的node.js web服务器，它将对JSON web令牌进行签名和验证。我生成了一个RSA公钥和私钥，它们看起来像这样：
private_key.pem
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
public_key.pem
-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----
MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAz7pZEypvrFJCDshsbOam
j9bmy/dXnUOyCo5b3xSvvTNIoFAC5ePXozCD/5Byih1JB6ZYE6OceEW6oArkPzZO
l8bFBlqV9k30oerMtVei18+CfF/uFLWlJXs9FvXrRTKtsL43OmpLCH3LdzK9/+Zq
hEx/TShp3JudUWuRW8ALqrBd8QW5CWJHYozYVaIpFzwJ9KW6fJ9GpZfcToCOquLW
o8iINnAovXmvcAtdmzgIqoucD988f9oerll/CubJLy2rOiyeRvsAYouoefoyQZWN
8IYPlnb5IB6Z7qnVL6rZz44dAjVwS3uARW3lxpfeZn3TN7wpPkBssGBF0OSEHNrX
VwIDAQAB
-----END PUBLIC KEY-----
（注意，这些是为本例生成的，未在任何实时系统中使用）
当通过fs模块加载密钥（PEM文件）并将其传递到jsonwebtoken库时，签名和验证工作完全符合预期：
app.js
var fs = require('fs');
var jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
var privateKey = fs.readFileSync('private_key.pem');
jwt.sign(data, privateKey, {
algorithm: 'RS256',
expiresIn: '3 days'
}, function(token) {
// works great
});
不过，我不想从文件系统加载密钥，而是希望根据最佳实践，通过.env文件和node-former工具将公钥和私钥加载到节点进程中。我尝试了几种不同的方式格式化.env文件中的密钥，所有这些都会导致某种错误。例如，以下是我尝试过的一种配置，其结果是：
.env
PRIVATE_KEY="-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----"
PUBLIC_KEY="-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----nMIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAz7pZEypvrFJCDshsbOamnj9bmy/dXnUOyCo5b3xSvvTNIoFAC5ePXozCD/5Byih1JB6ZYE6OceEW6oArkPzZOnl8bFBlqV9k30oerMtVei18+CfF/uFLWlJXs9FvXrRTKtsL43OmpLCH3LdzK9/+ZqnhEx/TShp3JudUWuRW8ALqrBd8QW5CWJHYozYVaIpFzwJ9KW6fJ9GpZfcToCOquLWno8iINnAovXmvcAtdmzgIqoucD988f9oerll/CubJLy2rOiyeRvsAYouoefoyQZWNn8IYPlnb5IB6Z7qnVL6rZz44dAjVwS3uARW3lxpfeZn3TN7wpPkBssGBF0OSEHNrXnVwIDAQABn-----END PUBLIC KEY-----"
app.js
var jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');
jwt.sign(data, process.env.PRIVATE_KEY, {
algorithm: 'RS256',
expiresIn: '3 days'
}, function(token) {
// process crashes before getting here
});
输出
> nf start
[OKAY] Loaded ENV .env File as KEY=VALUE Format
[OKAY] Trimming display Output to 481 Columns
7:03:14 PM web.1 | restify is listening on port http://[::]:5000
7:03:45 PM web.1 | events.js:141
7:03:45 PM web.1 | throw er; // Unhandled 'error' event
7:03:45 PM web.1 | ^
7:03:45 PM web.1 | Error: error:0906D06C:PEM routines:PEM_read_bio:no start line
7:03:45 PM web.1 | at Error (native)
7:03:45 PM web.1 | at Sign.sign (crypto.js:279:26)
7:03:45 PM web.1 | at Object.sign (C:examplenode_modulesjsonwebtokennode_modulesjwsnode_modulesjwaindex.js:54:45)
7:03:45 PM web.1 | at jwsSign (C:examplenode_modulesjsonwebtokennode_modulesjwslibsign-stream.js:23:24)
7:03:45 PM web.1 | at SignStream.sign (C:examplenode_modulesjsonwebtokennode_modulesjwslibsign-stream.js:49:21)
7:03:45 PM web.1 | at SignStream.<anonymous> (C:examplenode_modulesjsonwebtokennode_modulesjwslibsign-stream.js:37:12)
7:03:45 PM web.1 | at DataStream.g (events.js:260:16)
7:03:45 PM web.1 | at emitNone (events.js:67:13)
7:03:45 PM web.1 | at DataStream.emit (events.js:166:7)
7:03:45 PM web.1 | at DataStream.<anonymous> (C:examplenode_modulesjsonwebtokennode_modulesjwslibdata-stream.js:32:12)
7:03:45 PM web.1 | at doNTCallback0 (node.js:419:9)
7:03:45 PM web.1 | at process._tickDomainCallback (node.js:389:13)
[DONE] Killing all processes with signal null
7:03:45 PM web.1 Exited Abnormally
我的问题是，将这些公钥和私钥存储在.env文件中的正确格式是什么，以便按照描述使用它们
这是一个开发环境，而不是生产环境。我在使用heroku local命令时也遇到了同样的问题，因为该工具在幕后使用了节点工头。
值得注意的是，我使用的是windows系统，节点版本为4.2.3，jsonwebtoken版本为5.7.0。
请尝试一下。
process.env.PRIVATE_KEY.replace(/\n/g, 'n')
解决方案是将RSA密钥存储在json格式的.env文件中，使用'\n'作为换行符，如下所示：
.env
{
"PRIVATE_KEY": "-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----",
"PUBLIC_KEY": "-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----nMIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAz7pZEypvrFJCDshsbOamnj9bmy/dXnUOyCo5b3xSvvTNIoFAC5ePXozCD/5Byih1JB6ZYE6OceEW6oArkPzZOnl8bFBlqV9k30oerMtVei18+CfF/uFLWlJXs9FvXrRTKtsL43OmpLCH3LdzK9/+ZqnhEx/TShp3JudUWuRW8ALqrBd8QW5CWJHYozYVaIpFzwJ9KW6fJ9GpZfcToCOquLWno8iINnAovXmvcAtdmzgIqoucD988f9oerll/CubJLy2rOiyeRvsAYouoefoyQZWNn8IYPlnb5IB6Z7qnVL6rZz44dAjVwS3uARW3lxpfeZn3TN7wpPkBssGBF0OSEHNrXnVwIDAQABn-----END PUBLIC KEY-----"
}
Node foreman将成功地将变量加载到流程中，然后可以按照预期与jsonwebtoken库一起使用。
最佳做法是将它们放入Heroku环境变量中，而不是.env文件中。据我所知，Heroku不会自动读取.env文件。
因此：
heroku config:set "-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----nMIIE...
这样行吗？
我遇到了同样的问题，这里或其他地方给出的答案都不起作用。最后我发现-----BEGIN RSA KEY-----中的一个"-"不见了。正好需要5个破折号。