在前面的问题中,我问如何编写一个对非二进制整数树求和的函数,并给出了几个答案。
@Sibi 说:
data Tree a = Empty | Node a [Tree a] deriving (Eq, Show)
addNums :: (Num a) => Tree a -> a
addNums Empty = 0
addNums (Node n []) = n
addNums (Node n (x:xs)) = n + (addNums x) + addNums (Node 0 xs)
@user3237465 说:
data Tree a = Empty | Node a [Tree a] deriving (Eq, Show, Foldable)
myNums :: (Num a) => Tree a
myNums = ...
main = print $ sum myNums
@chi说:
addNums :: (Num a) => Tree a -> a
addNums Empty = 0
addNums (Node n xs) = n + sum (map addNums xs)
如何找到最有效的解决方案? 哈斯克尔有原生基准测试工具吗?
虽然 so.com 不是推荐的网站,但我建议您查看标准 https://hackage.haskell.org/package/criterion
明天我可能会举一些它用法的例子
如果你真的想深入研究这个问题,你可以通过添加编译器选项来分析生成的llvm汇编程序,--ddump-llvm
尽管这是一个相当高级的主题,只是为了完整性而包括在内。
更新 - 在这种情况下如何使用criterion
首先,我将使用haskell堆栈工具对此进行解释,所有代码都可以在github/epsilonhalbe上找到
。首先,我们创建一个项目并将每个相关定义拆分到一个单独的模块中(否则我们需要 data Tree
、 data Tree'
和 data Tree''
(。请参阅Chi.hs
作为示例:
module Chi where
data Tree a = Empty | Node a [Tree a] deriving (Eq, Show)
addNums :: (Num a) => Tree a -> a
addNums Empty = 0
addNums (Node n xs) = n + sum (map addNums xs)
myInts :: Tree Int
myInts =
Node 1 [
Node 2 [
Node 4 [Empty], Node 5 [Empty]
],
Node 3 [
Node 6 [Empty], Node 7 [Empty], Node 8 [Empty]
]
]
myDouble :: Tree Double
myDouble =
Node 1 [
Node 2 [
Node 4 [Empty], Node 5 [Empty]
],
Node 3 [
Node 6 [Empty], Node 7 [Empty], Node 8 [Empty]
]
]
注意:对于User3237465.hs
我们需要一个语言杂注
{-# LANGUAGE DeriveFoldable #-}
module User3237465 where
data Tree a = Empty | Node a [Tree a] deriving (Eq, Show, Foldable)
addNums :: Num a => Tree a -> a
addNums = sum
myInts ..
myDouble ..
我们构建了一个文件夹/文件结构,如下所示(这是我们通过stack new critExample
和一些复制/重命名/删除得到的(
../haskell/critExample/
▾ src/
Chi.hs
Sibi.hs
User3237465.hs
▾ bench/
Benchmarks.hs
critExample.cabal
LICENSE
Setup.hs
stack.yaml
critExample.cabal
的内容也需要一些调整,
name: critExample
[... non-important stuff ...]
library
hs-source-dirs: src
-- don't forget to adjust the exposed modules
exposed-modules: Chi
, Sibi
, User3237465
build-depends: base >= 4.7 && < 5
default-language: Haskell2010
-- and add the following benchmark part
benchmark addNums
type: exitcode-stdio-1.0
hs-source-dirs: bench
main-is: Benchmarks.hs
build-depends: base
, critExample
, criterion
default-language: Haskell2010
[...]
然后我们可以开始编写我们的基准
Benchmarks.hs
module Main where
import Criterion
import Criterion.Main
import qualified Chi
import qualified Sibi
import qualified User3237465
main :: IO ()
main = defaultMain [
bgroup "myInts" [ bench "Sibi" $ whnf Sibi.addNums Sibi.myInts
, bench "Chi" $ whnf Chi.addNums Chi.myInts
, bench "User3237465" $ whnf User3237465.addNums User3237465.myInts
],
bgroup "myDouble" [ bench "Sibi" $ whnf Sibi.addNums Sibi.myDouble
, bench "Chi" $ whnf Chi.addNums Chi.myDouble
, bench "User3237465" $ whnf User3237465.addNums User3237465.myDouble ]
]
请注意,whnf
只计算弱头范式,即它看到的第一个构造函数 - 对于列表,这将在第一个元素之后,当它看到元组的(:)
运算符时,它不会评估一件事,但对于Int
或Double
它完全评估东西。如果您需要"深度"评估,请使用nf
而不是whnf
- 如果您不确定需要什么,请尝试两者whnf
通常速度不合理(例如超长列表的纳秒 - 因为它只检查该列表的头部(。
您可以使用stack build
构建项目,然后使用 stack bench
(触发所有可用的基准(或 stack bench critExample:addNums
(如果您有多个基准测试套件并且只想运行特定的基准测试套件很有用(调用基准,使用始终projectname:name of benchmarks given in cabal-file
。
如果你想要花哨的html输出(相信我你想要它,因为布莱恩·奥沙利文(Bryan O'Sullivan(为此付出了很多努力来使其性感(,你必须:
./.stack-work/dist/x86_64-linux/Cabal-1.22.4.0/build/addNums/addNums --output index.html
当然,如果您不使用 Linux 操作系统,此路径可能会有所不同。
更新2
基准测试的结果 - 我不知道它们的代表性如何 - 我在虚拟化的Linux中运行它们!
Running 1 benchmarks...
Benchmark addNums: RUNNING...
benchmarking myInts/Sibi
time 616.7 ns (614.1 ns .. 619.2 ns)
1.000 R² (1.000 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean 619.1 ns (615.4 ns .. 626.8 ns)
std dev 17.09 ns (9.625 ns .. 31.62 ns)
variance introduced by outliers: 38% (moderately inflated)
benchmarking myInts/Chi
time 582.6 ns (576.5 ns .. 592.1 ns)
0.998 R² (0.996 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean 586.2 ns (581.5 ns .. 595.5 ns)
std dev 21.14 ns (11.56 ns .. 33.61 ns)
variance introduced by outliers: 52% (severely inflated)
benchmarking myInts/User3237465
time 606.5 ns (604.9 ns .. 608.2 ns)
1.000 R² (1.000 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean 607.0 ns (605.5 ns .. 609.2 ns)
std dev 5.915 ns (3.992 ns .. 9.798 ns)
benchmarking myInts/User3237465 -- folding variant see comments
time 371.0 ns (370.2 ns .. 371.7 ns)
1.000 R² (1.000 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean 372.5 ns (370.8 ns .. 375.0 ns)
std dev 6.824 ns (4.076 ns .. 11.19 ns)
variance introduced by outliers: 22% (moderately inflated)
benchmarking myDouble/Sibi
time 678.9 ns (642.3 ns .. 743.8 ns)
0.978 R² (0.958 R² .. 1.000 R²)
mean 649.9 ns (641.1 ns .. 681.6 ns)
std dev 50.99 ns (12.60 ns .. 105.0 ns)
variance introduced by outliers: 84% (severely inflated)
benchmarking myDouble/Chi
time 643.3 ns (617.4 ns .. 673.6 ns)
0.987 R² (0.979 R² .. 0.996 R²)
mean 640.6 ns (626.7 ns .. 665.6 ns)
std dev 58.35 ns (40.63 ns .. 87.82 ns)
variance introduced by outliers: 88% (severely inflated)
benchmarking myDouble/User3237465
time 630.4 ns (622.9 ns .. 638.5 ns)
0.997 R² (0.994 R² .. 0.999 R²)
mean 637.8 ns (625.4 ns .. 659.8 ns)
std dev 53.15 ns (33.46 ns .. 78.36 ns)
variance introduced by outliers: 85% (severely inflated)
benchmarking myDouble/User3237465 -- folding variant see comments
time 398.1 ns (380.7 ns .. 422.0 ns)
0.988 R² (0.980 R² .. 0.996 R²)
mean 400.6 ns (389.1 ns .. 428.6 ns)
std dev 55.83 ns (28.94 ns .. 103.6 ns)
variance introduced by outliers: 94% (severely inflated)
Benchmark addNums: FINISH
Completed all 2 actions.
如评论中所述 - 另一个使用 import Data.Foldable (foldl')
和 addNums' = foldl' (+) 0
的变体明显更快(谢谢@User3237465!!!
实际上,为了提高效率,请更改您的类型。出于折叠目的,您无法击败像编码一样的教堂。我可以推荐:
newtype Tree a = Tree {fold :: forall r. r -> (a -> [r] -> r) -> r}
甚至:
newtype Tree a = Tree {fold :: forall r. r -> (a -> ChurchList r -> r) -> r}
或者最好的是:
newtype Tree a = Tree {fold :: forall tree list. tree -> (a -> list -> tree) -> list -> (tree -> list -> list) -> tree}
教会编码更有效,因为您不必遍历任何内容。