我偶然发现了一个奇怪的行为,一开始我无法解释(见ideone):
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
int main() {
std::cout << "Reference : "
<< (void const*)"some data"
<< "n";
std::ostringstream s;
s << "some data";
std::cout << "Regular Syntax: " << s.str() << "n";
std::ostringstream s2;
std::cout << "Semi inline : "
<< static_cast<std::ostringstream&>(s2 << "some data").str()
<< "n";
std::cout << "Inline : "
<< dynamic_cast<std::ostringstream&>(
std::ostringstream() << "some data"
).str()
<< "n";
}
给出输出:
Reference : 0x804a03d
Regular Syntax: some data
Semi inline : some data
Inline : 0x804a03d
令人惊讶的是,在最后一个cast中,我们有地址,而不是内容!
表达式std::ostringstream()
创建了一个临时对象,而以const char*
为实参的operator<<
是一个自由函数,但是这个自由函数不能在临时对象上调用,因为函数的第一个形参的类型是std::ostream&
,不能绑定到临时对象上。
话虽如此,<<std::ostringstream() << "some data"
解析为对void*
重载的成员函数的调用,该函数输出地址。请注意,可以在临时对象上调用成员函数。
为了调用free函数,需要将temporary(右值)转换为左值,这里有一个技巧可以使用:
std::cout << "Inline : "
<< dynamic_cast<std::ostringstream&>(
std::ostringstream().flush() << "some data"
).str()
<< "n";
也就是说,std::ostringstream().flush()
返回std::ostream&
,这意味着现在可以调用自由函数,将返回的引用作为第一个参数传递。
同样,您不需要在这里使用dynamic_cast
(它很慢,因为它是在运行时完成的),因为对象的类型已经非常清楚了,因此您可以使用static_cast
(它在编译时完成的速度很快):
std::cout << "Inline : "
<< static_cast<std::ostringstream&>(
std::ostringstream().flush() << "some data"
).str()
<< "n";
临时类型不能绑定到对非const形式实参的引用。
因此,不拾取非成员<<
。
您将获得void*
版本。
c++ 11
§27.7.3.9右值流插入
[ostream.rvalue]template <class charT, class traits, class T>
basic_ostream<charT, traits>&
operator<<(basic_ostream<charT, traits>&& os, const T& x);
1 效果:os << x
2 返回:os
要开始,最简单的解决方案是获取编译器考虑的可能重载的列表,例如尝试如下:
X x;
std::cout << x << "n";
其中X
是一个没有任何流重载的类型,产生以下可能的重载列表:
prog.cpp: In function ‘int main()’:
prog.cpp:21: error: no match for ‘operator<<’ in ‘std::cout << x’
include/ostream:112: note: candidates are: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(std::ostream& (*)(std::ostream&))
include/ostream:121: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(std::basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>& (*)(std::basic_ios<_CharT, _Traits>&))
include/ostream:131: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(std::ios_base& (*)(std::ios_base&))
include/ostream:169: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(long int)
include/ostream:173: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(long unsigned int)
include/ostream:177: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(bool)
include/bits/ostream.tcc:97: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(short int)
include/ostream:184: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(short unsigned int)
include/bits/ostream.tcc:111: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(int)
include/ostream:195: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(unsigned int)
include/ostream:204: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(long long int)
include/ostream:208: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(long long unsigned int)
include/ostream:213: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(double)
include/ostream:217: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(float)
include/ostream:225: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(long double)
include/ostream:229: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(const void*)
include/bits/ostream.tcc:125: note: std::ostream& std::ostream::operator<<(std::basic_streambuf<_CharT, _Traits>*)
首先扫描这个列表,我们可以注意到char const*
明显缺席,因此选择void const*
并打印地址是合乎逻辑的。
问题是引用绑定的问题:因为临时不能绑定到非const的引用,所以形式std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&,X)
的重载被直接拒绝,只保留成员函数。
在我看来,这是c++中的一个设计错误,毕竟我们是在临时对象上执行一个变异的成员函数,这需要对对象的(隐藏的)引用:x
一旦您了解了出错的地方,解决方法就相对简单,只需要一个小包装器:
struct Streamliner {
template <typename T>
Streamliner& operator<<(T const& t) {
_stream << t;
return *this;
}
std::string str() const { return _stream.str(); }
std::ostringstream _stream;
};
std::cout << "Inline, take 2: " << (Streamliner() << "some data").str() << "n";
打印预期结果