git log -p vs. git show vs. git diff

命令git log -p、git show和git diff之间有何关联？为什么要使用其中一个命令而不使用另一个命令？

给定具有以下4个提交的回购：

commitd-最后一次提交
commitc
commitb
coomita-初始提交

以下git命令之间有什么区别？：

git log -p commitb commitd  
git show commitb commitd  
git diff commitb commitd  
git log -p commitd commitb  
git show commitd commitb  
git diff commitd commitb  
git log -p commitb..commitd  
git show commitb..commitd  
git diff commitb..commitd
git log -p commitd..commitb  
git show commitd..commitb  
git diff commitd..commitb
git log -p commitb...commitd  
git show commitb...commitd  
git diff commitb...commitd
git log -p commitd...commitb  
git show commitd...commitb  
git diff commitd...commitb

git log A B显示了提交A和B的历史记录（基本上为每个提交的历史记录生成一个并集）。通常您需要git log A..B，它也可以写成git log ^B A（显示从A可到达的所有内容，但不是（^）从B）。这个范围也可以是空的（例如B..A将是空的，因为从B可到达的每个提交也可以从A可到达）。因此，当与"错误"参数一起使用时，git log也不会得到任何输出。

git show是一个非常通用的命令，根据其参数产生不同的输出。您可以传递一个或多个提交，它将向您显示提交信息（作者、时间戳、提交消息、与上次提交的差异）。将解析a..d等提交范围，并单独显示每个提交。您还可以传递一个路径，git show将显示文件的内容。也可以使用语法commit:path/to/file指定某个修订版的文件。如果您传递一个目录，git show将显示更改该目录的最后一次提交的提交信息。

git diff通常期望两个树或两个文件进行比较。（它也可以不带参数，而是比较索引/暂存区域）。提交会自动展开到相应的树中（树对象描述存储库的特定状态）。对于diff情况，语法A..B被静默地解析为A B，并将显示从提交/树A到B 所需的更改

范围A...B表示"从A或B可到达的每个提交，但不能从两者都可到达"。

当与git log一起使用时，它会向您显示这些提交，并且只有在与分叉分支一起使用时才有意义，即"显示两者之间的每一个不同之处，但隐藏两个分支的共同提交"
对于git diff，该语法是git diff $(git merge-base A B) B的语法糖，即"自A的历史分化以来，B的变化"
使用git show，您只需获得该范围内每个提交的提交信息

如果还有什么不清楚的地方，请在评论中告诉我。

以下是您在原始问题中发布的存储库的输出：

$ git init
 Initialized empty Git repository in ...
$  cd SO
$ ls
$ echo a > a
$ git add a
$ git commit
[master (root-commit) 7b66fe5] initial commit
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 a
$ git tag a
$ echo b >> a
$ echo b > b
$ git add a b
$ git commit
[master ee884fe] commit b
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 b
$ git tag b
$ echo c >> a
$ echo c >> b
$ echo c > c
$ git add a b c
$ git commit
[master 8abaaff] commit c
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 c
$ git tag c
$ echo d >> a
$ echo d > b
$ git add a b
$ git commit
[master 08adc85] commit d
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
$ git tag d
$ git log -p b d --
commit 08adc8512e63588e6f01533b2a0f762342521b05
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:22:06 2014 +0200
    commit d
diff --git a/a b/a
index de98044..d68dd40 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 a
 b
 c
+d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 9ddeb5c..4bcfe98 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-b
-c
+d
commit 8abaaff681be0bcaa16c946feb2989959348c9f4
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:21:40 2014 +0200
    commit c
diff --git a/a b/a
index 422c2b7..de98044 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 a
 b
+c
diff --git a/b b/b
index 6178079..9ddeb5c 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 b
+c
diff --git a/c b/c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ad6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+c
commit ee884fea5d0266280845348175ac0af5083a9bbf
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:21:05 2014 +0200
    commit b
diff --git a/a b/a
index 7898192..422c2b7 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 a
+b
diff --git a/b b/b
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6178079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/b
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+b
commit 7b66fe5999039c53ffbe5a5ffe07c13a5c213455
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:20:39 2014 +0200
    initial commit
diff --git a/a b/a
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7898192
--- /dev/null
+++ b/a
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+a
$ git show b d --
commit ee884fea5d0266280845348175ac0af5083a9bbf
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:21:05 2014 +0200
    commit b
diff --git a/a b/a
index 7898192..422c2b7 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 a
+b
diff --git a/b b/b
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6178079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/b
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+b
commit 08adc8512e63588e6f01533b2a0f762342521b05
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:22:06 2014 +0200
    commit d
diff --git a/a b/a
index de98044..d68dd40 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 a
 b
 c
+d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 9ddeb5c..4bcfe98 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-b
-c
+d
$ git diff b d --
diff --git a/a b/a
index 422c2b7..d68dd40 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 a
 b
+c
+d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 6178079..4bcfe98 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1 +1 @@
-b
+d
diff --git a/c b/c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ad6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+c
$ git log -p d b --
commit 08adc8512e63588e6f01533b2a0f762342521b05
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:22:06 2014 +0200
    commit d
diff --git a/a b/a
index de98044..d68dd40 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 a
 b
 c
+d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 9ddeb5c..4bcfe98 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-b
-c
+d
commit 8abaaff681be0bcaa16c946feb2989959348c9f4
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:21:40 2014 +0200
    commit c
diff --git a/a b/a
index 422c2b7..de98044 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 a
 b
+c
diff --git a/b b/b
index 6178079..9ddeb5c 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 b
+c
diff --git a/c b/c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ad6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+c
commit ee884fea5d0266280845348175ac0af5083a9bbf
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:21:05 2014 +0200
    commit b
diff --git a/a b/a
index 7898192..422c2b7 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 a
+b
diff --git a/b b/b
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6178079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/b
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+b
commit 7b66fe5999039c53ffbe5a5ffe07c13a5c213455
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:20:39 2014 +0200
    initial commit
diff --git a/a b/a
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7898192
--- /dev/null
+++ b/a
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+a
$ git show d b --
commit 08adc8512e63588e6f01533b2a0f762342521b05
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:22:06 2014 +0200
    commit d
diff --git a/a b/a
index de98044..d68dd40 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 a
 b
 c
+d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 9ddeb5c..4bcfe98 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-b
-c
+d
commit ee884fea5d0266280845348175ac0af5083a9bbf
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:21:05 2014 +0200
    commit b
diff --git a/a b/a
index 7898192..422c2b7 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 a
+b
diff --git a/b b/b
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6178079
--- /dev/null
+++ b/b
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+b
$ git diff d b --
diff --git a/a b/a
index d68dd40..422c2b7 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,4 +1,2 @@
 a
 b
-c
-d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 4bcfe98..6178079 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1 +1 @@
-d
+b
diff --git a/c b/c
deleted file mode 100644
index f2ad6c7..0000000
--- a/c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-c
$ git log -p b..d --
commit 08adc8512e63588e6f01533b2a0f762342521b05
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:22:06 2014 +0200
    commit d
diff --git a/a b/a
index de98044..d68dd40 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 a
 b
 c
+d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 9ddeb5c..4bcfe98 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-b
-c
+d
commit 8abaaff681be0bcaa16c946feb2989959348c9f4
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:21:40 2014 +0200
    commit c
diff --git a/a b/a
index 422c2b7..de98044 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 a
 b
+c
diff --git a/b b/b
index 6178079..9ddeb5c 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 b
+c
diff --git a/c b/c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ad6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+c
$ git show b..d --
commit 08adc8512e63588e6f01533b2a0f762342521b05
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:22:06 2014 +0200
    commit d
diff --git a/a b/a
index de98044..d68dd40 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 a
 b
 c
+d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 9ddeb5c..4bcfe98 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-b
-c
+d
commit 8abaaff681be0bcaa16c946feb2989959348c9f4
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:21:40 2014 +0200
    commit c
diff --git a/a b/a
index 422c2b7..de98044 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 a
 b
+c
diff --git a/b b/b
index 6178079..9ddeb5c 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 b
+c
diff --git a/c b/c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ad6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+c
$ git diff b..d --
diff --git a/a b/a
index 422c2b7..d68dd40 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 a
 b
+c
+d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 6178079..4bcfe98 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1 +1 @@
-b
+d
diff --git a/c b/c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ad6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+c
$ git log -p d..b --
$ git show d..b --
$ git diff d..b --
diff --git a/a b/a
index d68dd40..422c2b7 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,4 +1,2 @@
 a
 b
-c
-d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 4bcfe98..6178079 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1 +1 @@
-d
+b
diff --git a/c b/c
deleted file mode 100644
index f2ad6c7..0000000
--- a/c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-c
$ git log -p b...d --
commit 08adc8512e63588e6f01533b2a0f762342521b05
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:22:06 2014 +0200
    commit d
diff --git a/a b/a
index de98044..d68dd40 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 a
 b
 c
+d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 9ddeb5c..4bcfe98 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-b
-c
+d
commit 8abaaff681be0bcaa16c946feb2989959348c9f4
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:21:40 2014 +0200
    commit c
diff --git a/a b/a
index 422c2b7..de98044 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 a
 b
+c
diff --git a/b b/b
index 6178079..9ddeb5c 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 b
+c
diff --git a/c b/c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ad6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+c
$ git show b...d --
commit 08adc8512e63588e6f01533b2a0f762342521b05
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:22:06 2014 +0200
    commit d
diff --git a/a b/a
index de98044..d68dd40 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 a
 b
 c
+d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 9ddeb5c..4bcfe98 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-b
-c
+d
commit 8abaaff681be0bcaa16c946feb2989959348c9f4
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:21:40 2014 +0200
    commit c
diff --git a/a b/a
index 422c2b7..de98044 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 a
 b
+c
diff --git a/b b/b
index 6178079..9ddeb5c 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 b
+c
diff --git a/c b/c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ad6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+c
$ git diff b...d --
diff --git a/a b/a
index 422c2b7..d68dd40 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 a
 b
+c
+d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 6178079..4bcfe98 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1 +1 @@
-b
+d
diff --git a/c b/c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ad6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+c
$ git log -p d...b --
commit 08adc8512e63588e6f01533b2a0f762342521b05
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:22:06 2014 +0200
    commit d
diff --git a/a b/a
index de98044..d68dd40 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 a
 b
 c
+d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 9ddeb5c..4bcfe98 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-b
-c
+d
commit 8abaaff681be0bcaa16c946feb2989959348c9f4
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:21:40 2014 +0200
    commit c
diff --git a/a b/a
index 422c2b7..de98044 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 a
 b
+c
diff --git a/b b/b
index 6178079..9ddeb5c 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 b
+c
diff --git a/c b/c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ad6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+c
$ git show d...b --
commit 08adc8512e63588e6f01533b2a0f762342521b05
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:22:06 2014 +0200
    commit d
diff --git a/a b/a
index de98044..d68dd40 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
 a
 b
 c
+d
diff --git a/b b/b
index 9ddeb5c..4bcfe98 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1,2 +1 @@
-b
-c
+d
commit 8abaaff681be0bcaa16c946feb2989959348c9f4
Author: ...
Date:   Mon Sep 1 17:21:40 2014 +0200
    commit c
diff --git a/a b/a
index 422c2b7..de98044 100644
--- a/a
+++ b/a
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 a
 b
+c
diff --git a/b b/b
index 6178079..9ddeb5c 100644
--- a/b
+++ b/b
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
 b
+c
diff --git a/c b/c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ad6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+c
$ git diff d...b --
$

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