首先:我知道更改对象的类通常是一个坏主意,但我正在实现自己的编程语言,它的变量可以包含任何类型的值,甚至可以随意更改它们的类型,所以请假设我不是一个不了解OO基础的初学者。
目前,我在C中实现了我的变量。每个变量都有一个指向函数指针表的指针,包含像SetAsInt()
, SetAsString()
等函数,然后是c++中的实例变量。所有对象的大小相同。
当一个变量包含字符串并且有人给它赋值Int时,我手动调用析构函数,修改函数指针表,使其指向可变Int值所用的表,然后设置其Int实例变量。
这有点难以维护,因为每次添加新类型时,我都必须添加一个新的函数指针表,并将中的所有函数指针填满。函数指针的结构似乎没有进行非常糟糕的类型检查,缺少字段也不会引起抱怨,所以我很容易不小心忘记列表中的一个指针,从而导致有趣的崩溃。此外,我必须重复大多数类型中相同的所有函数指针。
我想在c++中实现我的可变类型,其中许多类型检查和继承默认行为是由编译器为我完成的。有安全的方法吗?
PS -我知道我可以创建一个包装器对象并使用new
来分配一个新对象,但是我不能为堆栈上的每个int
变量增加额外的分配开销。
PPS—代码目前需要在Linux, Mac, iOS和Windows上可移植,但如果有人有一个标准的c++解决方案,那就更好了。
PPPS -类型列表是可扩展的,但在编译时预先确定。我的语言的基础层只定义了基本类型,但是我的语言被编译到的宿主应用程序添加了更多的类型。
使用例子:
CppVariant someNum(42); // Creates it as CppVariantInt.
cout << "Original int: " << someNum->GetAsInt()
<< " (" << someNum->GetAsDouble() << ")" << endl;
someNum->SetAsInt(700); // This is just a setter call.
cout << "Changed int: " << someNum->GetAsInt()
<< " (" << someNum->GetAsDouble() << ")" << endl;
someNum->SetAsDouble(12.34); // This calls destructor on CppVariantInt and constructor on CppVariantDouble(12.34).
cout << "Converted to Double: " << someNum->GetAsInt()
<< " (" << someNum->GetAsDouble() << ")" << endl; // GetAsInt() on a CppVariantDouble() rounds, or whatever.
(想象一下,除了double和int,将来还会有其他类型,比如字符串或布尔值,但是GetAsInt()/SetAsInt()的调用者不应该知道它被存储为什么,只要它可以在运行时转换)
这是一个基于类型擦除、联合和模板特化的解决方案。
我不确定它是否符合你的要求。无论如何,它得到的结果如下:
- 动态存储
- 不需要层次结构
您可以很容易地进一步改进它以减少代码量,但这旨在作为开始的基点。
它遵循一个基于问题预期用途的最小的工作示例:
#include<iostream>
class CppVariant {
union var {
var(): i{0} {}
int i;
double d;
};
using AsIntF = int(*)(var);
using AsDoubleF = double(*)(var);
template<typename From, typename To>
static To protoAs(var);
public:
CppVariant(int);
CppVariant(double);
int getAsInt();
double getAsDouble();
void setAsInt(int);
void setAsDouble(double);
private:
var data;
AsIntF asInt;
AsDoubleF asDouble;
};
template<>
int CppVariant::protoAs<int, int>(var data) {
return data.i;
}
template<>
int CppVariant::protoAs<double, int>(var data) {
return int(data.d);
}
template<>
double CppVariant::protoAs<int, double>(var data) {
return double(data.i);
}
template<>
double CppVariant::protoAs<double, double>(var data) {
return data.d;
}
CppVariant::CppVariant(int i)
: data{},
asInt{&protoAs<int, int>},
asDouble{&protoAs<int, double>}
{ data.i = i; }
CppVariant::CppVariant(double d)
: data{},
asInt{&protoAs<double, int>},
asDouble{&protoAs<double, double>}
{ data.d = d; }
int CppVariant::getAsInt() { return asInt(data); }
double CppVariant::getAsDouble() { return asDouble(data); }
void CppVariant::setAsInt(int i) {
data.i = i;
asInt = &protoAs<int, int>;
asDouble = &protoAs<int, double>;
}
void CppVariant::setAsDouble(double d) {
data.d = d;
asInt = &protoAs<double, int>;
asDouble = &protoAs<double, double>;
}
int main() {
CppVariant someNum(42);
std::cout << "Original int: " << someNum.getAsInt() << " (" << someNum.getAsDouble() << ")" << std::endl;
someNum.setAsInt(700);
std::cout << "Changed int: " << someNum.getAsInt() << " (" << someNum.getAsDouble() << ")" << std::endl;
someNum.setAsDouble(12.34);
std::cout << "Converted to Double: " << someNum.getAsInt() << " (" << someNum.getAsDouble() << ")" << std::endl;
}
在一个玩笑,我尝试使用放置新的来做到这一点,我有…某物它编译,它做的工作,但我不确定如果它是纯C的改进,因为我不能有c++对象的联合,我创建了一个CPPVMAX()
宏传递所有子类中最大的sizeof()
作为mBuf[]
的大小,但这也不是真的漂亮。
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cmath>
#define CPPVMAX2(a,b) (((a) > (b)) ? (a) : (b))
#define CPPVMAX3(a,b,c) CPPVMAX2((a),CPPVMAX2((b),(c)))
using namespace std;
class CppVariantBase
{
public:
CppVariantBase() { cout << "CppVariantBase constructor." << endl; }
virtual ~CppVariantBase() { cout << "CppVariantBase destructor." << endl; }
virtual int GetAsInt() = 0;
virtual double GetAsDouble() = 0;
virtual void SetAsInt( int n );
virtual void SetAsDouble( double n );
};
class CppVariantInt : public CppVariantBase
{
public:
CppVariantInt( int n = 0 ) : mInt(n)
{
cout << "CppVariantInt constructor." << endl;
}
~CppVariantInt() { cout << "CppVariantInt destructor." << endl; }
virtual int GetAsInt() { return mInt; }
virtual double GetAsDouble() { return mInt; }
virtual void SetAsInt( int n ) { mInt = n; }
protected:
int mInt;
};
class CppVariantDouble : public CppVariantBase
{
public:
CppVariantDouble( double n = 0 ) : mDouble(n)
{
cout << "CppVariantDouble constructor." << endl;
}
~CppVariantDouble()
{
cout << "CppVariantDouble destructor." << endl;
}
virtual int GetAsInt()
{
if( int(mDouble) == mDouble )
return mDouble;
else
return round(mDouble);
}
virtual double GetAsDouble() { return mDouble; }
virtual void SetAsDouble( int n ) { mDouble = n; }
protected:
double mDouble;
};
class CppVariant
{
public:
CppVariant( int n = 0 ) { new (mBuf) CppVariantInt(n); }
~CppVariant() { ((CppVariantBase*)mBuf)->~CppVariantBase(); }
operator CppVariantBase* () { return (CppVariantBase*)mBuf; }
CppVariantBase* operator -> () { return (CppVariantBase*)mBuf; }
protected:
uint8_t mBuf[CPPVMAX3(sizeof(CppVariantBase),sizeof(CppVariantInt),sizeof(CppVariantDouble))];
};
void CppVariantBase::SetAsInt( int n )
{
this->~CppVariantBase();
new (this) CppVariantInt(n);
}
void CppVariantBase::SetAsDouble( double n )
{
this->~CppVariantBase();
new (this) CppVariantDouble(n);
}
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
CppVariant someNum(42);
cout << "Original int: " << someNum->GetAsInt()
<< " (" << someNum->GetAsDouble() << ")" << endl;
someNum->SetAsInt(700); // This is just a setter call.
cout << "Changed int: " << someNum->GetAsInt()
<< " (" << someNum->GetAsDouble() << ")" << endl;
someNum->SetAsDouble(12.34); // This changes the class to CppVariantDouble.
cout << "Converted to Double: " << someNum->GetAsInt()
<< " (" << someNum->GetAsDouble() << ")" << endl;
return 0;
}