为什么 == 比 eql 快


我在 String 类的文档中读到,eql? 是一个严格的相等运算符,

没有类型转换,==是一个相等运算符,它试图将其参数转换为 String,并且,此方法的 C 源代码确认:

eql?源代码:

static VALUE
rb_str_eql(VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
{
    if (str1 == str2) return Qtrue;
    if (TYPE(str2) != T_STRING) return Qfalse;
    return str_eql(str1, str2);
}

==源代码:

VALUE
rb_str_equal(VALUE str1, VALUE str2)
{
    if (str1 == str2) return Qtrue;
    if (TYPE(str2) != T_STRING) {
        if (!rb_respond_to(str2, rb_intern("to_str"))) {
            return Qfalse;
        }
        return rb_equal(str2, str1);
    }
    return str_eql(str1, str2);
}

但是当我尝试对这些方法进行基准测试时,我惊讶地发现==eql?快了20%!我的基准代码是:

require "benchmark"
RUN_COUNT = 100000000
first_string = "Woooooha"
second_string = "Woooooha"
time = Benchmark.measure do
  RUN_COUNT.times do |i|
    first_string.eql?(second_string)
  end
end
puts time
time = Benchmark.measure do
  RUN_COUNT.times do |i|
    first_string == second_string
  end
end
puts time

结果:

红宝石 1.9.3-p125:

26.420000   0.250000  26.670000 ( 26.820762)
21.520000   0.200000  21.720000 ( 21.843723)

红宝石 1.9.2-p290:

25.930000   0.280000  26.210000 ( 26.318998)
19.800000   0.130000  19.930000 ( 19.991929)

那么,谁能解释为什么更简单的eql?方法在我为两个相似的字符串运行它的情况下比==方法慢?

您看到差异的原因==eql?的实现无关,而是因为 Ruby 优化了运算符(如 == ),以避免在可能的情况下进行正常的方法查找。

我们可以通过两种方式验证这一点:

  • ==创建一个别名并改为调用该别名。您将获得与eql?类似的结果,因此结果比==慢。

  • 使用 send :==send :eql? 进行比较,你会得到相似的时间;速度差异消失了,因为 Ruby 只会使用优化直接调用运算符,而不是使用 send__send__

下面是显示两者的代码:

require 'fruity'
first = "Woooooha"
second = "Woooooha"
class String
  alias same_value? ==
end
compare do
  with_operator   { first == second }
  with_same_value { first.same_value? second }
  with_eql        { first.eql? second }
end
compare do
  with_send_op    { first.send :==, second }
  with_send_eql   { first.send :eql?, second }
end

结果:

with_operator is faster than with_same_value by 2x ± 0.1
with_same_value is similar to with_eql
with_send_eql is similar to with_send_op

如果您好奇,运算符的优化正在insns.def

注意:这个答案仅适用于Ruby MRI,例如,如果JRuby/rubinius存在速度差异,我会感到惊讶。

在做基准测试时,不要使用 times ,因为这会在RUN_COUNT次上创建闭包。因此所花费的额外时间在绝对值上平等地影响所有基准,但这使得更难注意到相对差异:

require "benchmark"
RUN_COUNT = 10_000_000
FIRST_STRING = "Woooooha"
SECOND_STRING = "Woooooha"
def times_eq_question_mark
  RUN_COUNT.times do |i|
    FIRST_STRING.eql?(SECOND_STRING)
  end
end
def times_double_equal_sign
  RUN_COUNT.times do |i|
    FIRST_STRING == SECOND_STRING
  end
end
def loop_eq_question_mark
  i = 0
  while i < RUN_COUNT
    FIRST_STRING.eql?(SECOND_STRING)
    i += 1
  end
end
def loop_double_equal_sign
  i = 0
  while i < RUN_COUNT
    FIRST_STRING == SECOND_STRING
    i += 1
  end
end
1.upto(10) do |i|
  method_names = [:times_eq_question_mark, :times_double_equal_sign, :loop_eq_question_mark, :loop_double_equal_sign]
  method_times = method_names.map {|method_name| Benchmark.measure { send(method_name) } }
  puts "Run #{i}"
  method_names.zip(method_times).each do |method_name, method_time|
    puts [method_name, method_time].join("t")
  end
  puts
end

Run 1
times_eq_question_mark    3.500000   0.000000   3.500000 (  3.578011)
times_double_equal_sign   2.390000   0.000000   2.390000 (  2.453046)
loop_eq_question_mark     3.110000   0.000000   3.110000 (  3.140525)
loop_double_equal_sign    2.109000   0.000000   2.109000 (  2.124932)
Run 2
times_eq_question_mark    3.531000   0.000000   3.531000 (  3.562386)
times_double_equal_sign   2.469000   0.000000   2.469000 (  2.484295)
loop_eq_question_mark     3.063000   0.000000   3.063000 (  3.109276)
loop_double_equal_sign    2.109000   0.000000   2.109000 (  2.140556)
Run 3
times_eq_question_mark    3.547000   0.000000   3.547000 (  3.593635)
times_double_equal_sign   2.437000   0.000000   2.437000 (  2.453047)
loop_eq_question_mark     3.063000   0.000000   3.063000 (  3.109275)
loop_double_equal_sign    2.140000   0.000000   2.140000 (  2.140557)
Run 4
times_eq_question_mark    3.547000   0.000000   3.547000 (  3.578011)
times_double_equal_sign   2.422000   0.000000   2.422000 (  2.437422)
loop_eq_question_mark     3.094000   0.000000   3.094000 (  3.140524)
loop_double_equal_sign    2.140000   0.000000   2.140000 (  2.140557)
Run 5
times_eq_question_mark    3.578000   0.000000   3.578000 (  3.671758)
times_double_equal_sign   2.406000   0.000000   2.406000 (  2.468671)
loop_eq_question_mark     3.110000   0.000000   3.110000 (  3.156149)
loop_double_equal_sign    2.109000   0.000000   2.109000 (  2.156181)
Run 6
times_eq_question_mark    3.562000   0.000000   3.562000 (  3.562386)
times_double_equal_sign   2.407000   0.000000   2.407000 (  2.468671)
loop_eq_question_mark     3.109000   0.000000   3.109000 (  3.124900)
loop_double_equal_sign    2.125000   0.000000   2.125000 (  2.234303)
Run 7
times_eq_question_mark    3.500000   0.000000   3.500000 (  3.546762)
times_double_equal_sign   2.453000   0.000000   2.453000 (  2.468671)
loop_eq_question_mark     3.031000   0.000000   3.031000 (  3.171773)
loop_double_equal_sign    2.157000   0.000000   2.157000 (  2.156181)
Run 8
times_eq_question_mark    3.468000   0.000000   3.468000 (  3.656133)
times_double_equal_sign   2.454000   0.000000   2.454000 (  2.484296)
loop_eq_question_mark     3.093000   0.000000   3.093000 (  3.249896)
loop_double_equal_sign    2.125000   0.000000   2.125000 (  2.140556)
Run 9
times_eq_question_mark    3.563000   0.000000   3.563000 (  3.593635)
times_double_equal_sign   2.453000   0.000000   2.453000 (  2.453047)
loop_eq_question_mark     3.125000   0.000000   3.125000 (  3.124900)
loop_double_equal_sign    2.141000   0.000000   2.141000 (  2.156181)
Run 10
times_eq_question_mark    3.515000   0.000000   3.515000 (  3.562386)
times_double_equal_sign   2.453000   0.000000   2.453000 (  2.453046)
loop_eq_question_mark     3.094000   0.000000   3.094000 (  3.140525)
loop_double_equal_sign    2.109000   0.000000   2.109000 (  2.156181)
equal? is reference equality
== is value equality
eql? is value and type equality

第三种方法eql?通常用于测试两个对象是否具有相同的值以及相同的类型。例如:

puts "integer == to float: #{25 == 25.0}"
puts "integer eql? to float: #{25.eql? 25.0}"
gives:
Does integer == to float: true
Does integer eql? to float: false

所以我认为由于eql?会做更多的检查,它会更慢,对于字符串来说,至少在我的 Ruby 1.93 上是这样。所以我认为它一定是类型相关的,并做了一些测试。当整数和浮点数进行比较时eql?速度会快一些。当比较整数时==要快得多,直到 x2。错误的理论,回到起点。

下一个理论:比较相同类型的两个值会更快,其中一个被证明是正确的,在它们属于同一类型的情况下==总是更快,eql?当类型不同时更快,再次直到 x2。

没有时间比较所有类型,但我相信你会得到不同的结果,尽管同样的比较总是给出类似的结果。有人能证明我是错的吗?

以下是我对 OP 测试的结果:

 16.863000   0.000000  16.863000 ( 16.903000) 2 strings with eql?
 14.212000   0.000000  14.212000 ( 14.334600) 2 strings with ==
 13.213000   0.000000  13.213000 ( 13.245600) integer and floating with eql?
 14.103000   0.000000  14.103000 ( 14.200400) integer and floating with ==
 13.229000   0.000000  13.229000 ( 13.410800) 2 same integers with eql?
  9.406000   0.000000   9.406000 (  9.410000) 2 same integers with ==
 19.625000   0.000000  19.625000 ( 19.720800) 2 different integers with eql?
  9.407000   0.000000   9.407000 (  9.405800) 2 different integers with ==
 21.825000   0.000000  21.825000 ( 21.910200) integer with string with eql?
 43.836000   0.031000  43.867000 ( 44.074200) integer with string with ==

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