给定一个函数调用和一个紧随其后的 try 块,是否存在调用正常返回但引发异常且未被 try 块捕获的情况?
例如:
# example 1
resource = acquire_a_resource()
try:
resource.do_something()
# some more code...
finally:
resource.close()
有没有可能acquire_a_resource()
正常返回,但resource.close()
不会被召唤?
或者换句话说,是否存在以下情况:
# example 2
resource = None
try:
resource = acquire_a_resource()
resource.do_something()
# some more code...
finally:
if resource:
resource.close()
会比示例#1更安全吗?
也许是因为与KeyboardInterrupt
/线程/信号有关?
是的,至少在理论上是这样,尽管在CPython中不是(详见脚注)。 线程不是特别相关,但您的键盘中断场景恰到好处:
resource = acquire_a_resource()
调用该函数。 该函数获取资源并返回句柄,然后在分配给变量1期间发生键盘中断。 所以:
try:
不运行 - 而是发生KeyboardInterrupt
异常,保留当前函数并取消绑定变量。
第二个版本通过finally
子句,因此假设if resource
发现它是布尔值真值,resource.close()
确实被调用。
(请注意,实际触发它通常非常困难:您必须恰到好处地安排中断的时间。 您可以通过例如,在try
之前添加time.sleep(1)
来大大增加比赛窗口。
在许多情况下,with
语句效果很好:
with acquire_a_resource() as resource:
resource.do_something()
其中close
内置于__exit__
方法中。 即使通过异常转义块,该方法也会运行。
1一般来说,实现有义务完成获取的资源与变量的绑定,否则就会出现不可恢复的争用。 在CPython中,发生这种情况是因为解释器检查语句之间的中断,偶尔在源中的战略位置。
CPython实际上增加了另一个特例:
/* Do periodic things. Doing this every time through
the loop would add too much overhead, so we do it
only every Nth instruction. We also do it if
``pendingcalls_to_do'' is set, i.e. when an asynchronous
event needs attention (e.g. a signal handler or
async I/O handler); see Py_AddPendingCall() and
Py_MakePendingCalls() above. */
if (_Py_atomic_load_relaxed(&_PyRuntime.ceval.eval_breaker)) {
opcode = _Py_OPCODE(*next_instr);
if (opcode == SETUP_FINALLY ||
opcode == SETUP_WITH ||
opcode == BEFORE_ASYNC_WITH ||
opcode == YIELD_FROM) {
/* Few cases where we skip running signal handlers and other
pending calls:
- If we're about to enter the 'with:'. It will prevent
emitting a resource warning in the common idiom
'with open(path) as file:'.
- If we're about to enter the 'async with:'.
- If we're about to enter the 'try:' of a try/finally (not
*very* useful, but might help in some cases and it's
traditional)
- If we're resuming a chain of nested 'yield from' or
'await' calls, then each frame is parked with YIELD_FROM
as its next opcode. If the user hit control-C we want to
wait until we've reached the innermost frame before
running the signal handler and raising KeyboardInterrupt
(see bpo-30039).
*/
goto fast_next_opcode;
}
(Python/ceval.c
,靠近第 1000 行)。
所以实际上try
线确实运行了,实际上,因为这里有一个SETUP_FINALLY
。 我完全不清楚其他Python实现是否做同样的事情。