在AWS中，我按照此处的说明，使用社区AMI ami-97591381(h2o版本：3.13.0.356(启动了g2.2xlarge EC2。
这是我的代码，您可以在我公开 S3 链接时运行它：
library(h2o)
library(jsonlite)
library(curl)
localH2O = h2o.init()
df.truth <- h2o.importFile("https://s3.amazonaws.com/nw.data.test.us.east/df.truth.zeroed", header = T, sep=",")
df.truth$isFemale <- h2o.asfactor(df.truth$isFemale)
hotnames.truth <- fromJSON("https://s3.amazonaws.com/nw.data.test.us.east/hotnames.json", simplifyVector = T)
# Training and validation sets
splits <- h2o.splitFrame(df.truth, c(0.9), seed=1234)
train.truth <- h2o.assign(splits[[1]], "train.truth.hex")
valid.truth <- h2o.assign(splits[[2]], "valid.truth.hex")
# Train a model using non-GPU deeplearning
dl.2 <- h2o.deeplearning(
training_frame = train.truth, model_id="dl.2",
validation_frame = valid.truth,
x=setdiff(hotnames.truth[1:(length(hotnames.truth)/2)], c("isFemale", "nwtcs")),
y="isFemale", stopping_metric = "AUTO", seed = 1,
sparse = F, mini_batch_size = 20)
# Train a model using GPU-enabled deepwater
dw.2 <- h2o.deepwater(
training_frame = train.truth, model_id="dw.2",
validation_frame = valid.truth,
x=setdiff(hotnames.truth[1:(length(hotnames.truth)/2)], c("isFemale", "nwtcs")),
y="isFemale", stopping_metric = "AUTO", seed = 1,
sparse = F, mini_batch_size = 20)
当我检查这两个模型时，令我惊讶的是，我发现对数损失有很大的差异：
非图形用户界面
print(dl.2)
Model Details:
==============
H2OBinomialModel: deeplearning
Model ID: dl.2
Status of Neuron Layers: predicting isFemale, 2-class classification, bernoulli distribution, CrossEntropy loss, 160,802 weights/biases, 2.0 MB, 1,041,465 training samples, mini-batch size 1
layer units type dropout l1 l2 mean_rate rate_rms momentum
1 1 600 Input 0.00 %
2 2 200 Rectifier 0.00 % 0.000000 0.000000 0.104435 0.102760 0.000000
3 3 200 Rectifier 0.00 % 0.000000 0.000000 0.031395 0.055490 0.000000
4 4 2 Softmax 0.000000 0.000000 0.001541 0.001438 0.000000
mean_weight weight_rms mean_bias bias_rms
1
2 0.018904 0.144034 0.150630 0.415525
3 -0.023333 0.081914 0.545394 0.251275
4 0.029091 0.295439 -0.004396 0.357609
H2OBinomialMetrics: deeplearning
** Reported on training data. **
** Metrics reported on temporary training frame with 9877 samples **
MSE: 0.1213733
RMSE: 0.3483868
LogLoss: 0.388214
Mean Per-Class Error: 0.2563669
AUC: 0.8433182
Gini: 0.6866365
Confusion Matrix (vertical: actual; across: predicted) for F1-optimal threshold:
0 1 Error Rate
0 6546 1079 0.141508 =1079/7625
1 836 1416 0.371226 =836/2252
Totals 7382 2495 0.193885 =1915/9877
H2OBinomialMetrics: deeplearning
** Reported on validation data. **
** Metrics reported on full validation frame **
MSE: 0.126671
RMSE: 0.3559087
LogLoss: 0.4005941
Mean Per-Class Error: 0.2585051
AUC: 0.8309913
Gini: 0.6619825
Confusion Matrix (vertical: actual; across: predicted) for F1-optimal threshold:
0 1 Error Rate
0 11746 3134 0.210618 =3134/14880
1 1323 2995 0.306392 =1323/4318
Totals 13069 6129 0.232160 =4457/19198
启用 GPU
print(dw.2)
Model Details:
==============
H2OBinomialModel: deepwater
Model ID: dw.2b
Status of Deep Learning Model: MLP: [200, 200], 630.8 KB, predicting isFemale, 2-class classification, 1,708,160 training samples, mini-batch size 20
input_neurons rate momentum
1 600 0.000369 0.900000
H2OBinomialMetrics: deepwater
** Reported on training data. **
** Metrics reported on temporary training frame with 9877 samples **
MSE: 0.1615781
RMSE: 0.4019677
LogLoss: 0.629549
Mean Per-Class Error: 0.3467246
AUC: 0.7289561
Gini: 0.4579122
Confusion Matrix (vertical: actual; across: predicted) for F1-optimal threshold:
0 1 Error Rate
0 4843 2782 0.364852 =2782/7625
1 740 1512 0.328597 =740/2252
Totals 5583 4294 0.356586 =3522/9877
H2OBinomialMetrics: deepwater
** Reported on validation data. **
** Metrics reported on full validation frame **
MSE: 0.1651776
RMSE: 0.4064205
LogLoss: 0.6901861
Mean Per-Class Error: 0.3476629
AUC: 0.7187362
Gini: 0.4374724
Confusion Matrix (vertical: actual; across: predicted) for F1-optimal threshold:
0 1 Error Rate
0 8624 6256 0.420430 =6256/14880
1 1187 3131 0.274896 =1187/4318
Totals 9811 9387 0.387697 =7443/19198
如上所示，非 GPU 和 GPU 模型之间的对数损失差异很大：
Logloss
+----------------------------------+
| | non-GPU | GPU |
+----------------------------------+
| training data | 0.39 | 0.63 |
+----------------------------------|
| validation data | 0.40 | 0.69 |
+----------------------------------+
我知道由于训练的随机性质，我会得到不同的结果，但我不会期望非 GPU 和 GPU 之间有如此巨大的差异。
h2o.deeplearning是H2O内置的深度学习算法。它的并行化非常好，可以很好地处理大数据，但不使用 GPU。
h2o.deepwater是(可能(Tensorflow的包装器，并且(可能(使用GPU(但它可以使用CPU，并且可以使用不同的后端(。
换句话说，这与使用 CPU 或使用 GPU 没有区别：您使用的是两种不同的深度学习实现。
顺便说一句，我建议您增加epochs的数量(从默认值 10 增加到 200 - 请记住，这意味着运行时间将延长 20 倍(，看看差异是否仍然存在。或者比较分数历史图表，看看Tensorflow是否到达了那里，但只需要，比如说，50%以上的时期就可以获得相同的对数分数。