r - Quanteda 包,朴素贝叶斯:如何预测不同特征的测试数据?



我使用quanteda::textmodel_NB创建了一个模型,将文本分为两个类别之一。我在去年夏天的训练数据集上拟合了模型。

现在,我试图在今年夏天用它来对我们在这里获得的新文本进行分类。我尝试这样做并得到以下错误:

Error in predict.textmodel_NB_fitted(model, test_dfm) : 
feature set in newdata different from that in training set

生成错误的函数中的代码可以在第 157 行到 165 行找到。

我认为发生这种情况是因为训练数据集中的单词与测试数据集中使用的单词不完全匹配。但是为什么会发生此错误?我觉得——为了在现实世界的例子中有用——模型应该能够处理包含不同特征的数据集,因为这是应用使用中可能总是会发生的事情。

所以我的第一个问题是:

1. 此错误是朴素贝叶斯算法的属性吗?还是函数的作者做出了选择?

这就引出了我的第二个问题:

2. 我该如何解决这个问题?

为了解决第二个问题,我提供了可重现的代码(最后一行生成上面的错误):

library(quanteda)
library(magrittr)
library(data.table)
train_text <- c("Can random effects apply only to categorical variables?",
"ANOVA expectation identity",
"Statistical test for significance in ranking positions",
"Is Fisher Sharp Null Hypothesis testable?",
"List major reasons for different results from survival analysis among different studies",
"How do the tenses and aspects in English correspond temporally to one another?",
"Is there a correct gender-neutral singular pronoun (“his” vs. “her” vs. “their”)?",
"Are collective nouns always plural, or are certain ones singular?",
"What’s the rule for using “who” and “whom” correctly?",
"When is a gerund supposed to be preceded by a possessive adjective/determiner?")
train_class <- factor(c(rep(0,5), rep(1,5)))
train_dfm <- train_text %>% 
dfm(tolower=TRUE, stem=TRUE, remove=stopwords("english"))
model <- textmodel_NB(train_dfm, train_class)
test_text <- c("Weighted Linear Regression with Proportional Standard Deviations in R",
"What do significance tests for adjusted means tell us?",
"How should I punctuate around quotes?",
"Should I put a comma before the last item in a list?")
test_dfm <- test_text %>% 
dfm(tolower=TRUE, stem=TRUE, remove=stopwords("english"))
predict(model, test_dfm)

我唯一想做的是手动使特征相同(我假设这将填充对象中不存在的特征0),但这会产生一个新错误。上面示例的代码是:

model_features <- model$data$x@Dimnames$features # gets the features of the training data
test_features <- test_dfm@Dimnames$features # gets the features of the test data
all_features <- c(model_features, test_features) %>% # combining the two sets of features...
subset(!duplicated(.)) # ...and getting rid of duplicate features
model$data$x@Dimnames$features <- test_dfm@Dimnames$features <- all_features # replacing features of model and test_dfm with all_features
predict(model, dfm) # new error?

但是,此代码会生成一个新错误:

Error in if (ncol(object$PcGw) != ncol(newdata)) stop("feature set in newdata different from that in training set") : 
argument is of length zero

如何将这个朴素贝叶斯模型应用于具有不同特征的新数据集?

幸运的是,有一种简单的方法可以做到这一点:您可以在测试数据上使用dfm_select()来为训练集提供相同的特征(和特征的排序)。 就是这么简单:

test_dfm <- dfm_select(test_dfm, train_dfm)
predict(model, test_dfm)
## Predicted textmodel of type: Naive Bayes
## 
##             lp(0)       lp(1)     Pr(0)  Pr(1) Predicted
## text1  -0.6931472  -0.6931472    0.5000 0.5000         0
## text2 -11.8698712 -13.1879095    0.7889 0.2111         0
## text3  -4.1484118  -3.6635616    0.3811 0.6189         1
## text4  -8.0091415  -8.4257356    0.6027 0.3973         0

截至 2018 年 5 月,现在似乎有一个"force = TRUE"选项也可以为您完成这项工作:

predict(model, test_dfm, force = TRUE)
# text1 text2 text3 text4 
#    0     0     1     0 
# Levels: 0 1

资料来源:koheiw 和 kbenoit 在 quanteda Github 上的讨论 - https://github.com/quanteda/quanteda/issues/1329

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