首先，我只想说非常感谢您抽出宝贵时间阅读本文。我使用 python 3 中的图形制作了一个井字游戏。为了激活ai，您必须单击设置，然后单击播放器按钮。然后，一旦我开始使用ai，程序就会出错，说已经超过了最大递归深度。我不知道为什么我的AI_Turn函数永远不会停止递归。如果有人可以帮助我的项目，我将不胜感激，因为我真的很好奇最小最大值算法是如何工作的，我想进一步进入人工智能的世界，但如果我不能理解这一点，我就做不到。我有最小最大值算法的功能称为AI_Turn。我需要帮助调试的唯一函数是AI_Turn函数。我是一个编码的乞丐，所以如果我的一些代码看起来很原始，那就是原因。无论如何，非常感谢您抽出宝贵时间阅读本文。
import turtle, copy
def get_o_win(board):
if (
board[0][0] == board[0][1] == board[0][2] == "o"
or board[1][0] == board[1][1] == board[1][2] == "o"
or board[2][0] == board[2][1] == board[2][2] == "o"
or board[0][0] == board[1][0] == board[2][0] == "o"
or board[0][1] == board[1][1] == board[2][1] == "o"
or board[0][2] == board[1][2] == board[2][2] == "o"
or board[0][0] == board[1][1] == board[2][2] == "o"
or board[2][0] == board[1][1] == board[0][2] == "o"
):
return True
else:
return False
def get_X_win(board):
if (
board[0][0] == board[0][1] == board[0][2] == "x"
or board[1][0] == board[1][1] == board[1][2] == "x"
or board[2][0] == board[2][1] == board[2][2] == "x"
or board[0][0] == board[1][0] == board[2][0] == "x"
or board[0][1] == board[1][1] == board[2][1] == "x"
or board[0][2] == board[1][2] == board[2][2] == "x"
or board[0][0] == board[1][1] == board[2][2] == "x"
or board[2][0] == board[1][1] == board[0][2] == "x"
):
return True
else:
return False
def get_Win(board):
if (
board[0][0] == board[0][1] == board[0][2] != "n"
or board[1][0] == board[1][1] == board[1][2] != "n"
or board[2][0] == board[2][1] == board[2][2] != "n"
or board[0][0] == board[1][0] == board[2][0] != "n"
or board[0][1] == board[1][1] == board[2][1] != "n"
or board[0][2] == board[1][2] == board[2][2] != "n"
or board[0][0] == board[1][1] == board[2][2] != "n"
or board[2][0] == board[1][1] == board[0][2] != "n"
):
return True
else:
return False
def AI_Turn(board, turn):
board_copy = copy.deepcopy(board)
turn = 0
for _ in board:
for __ in _:
if __ != "n":
turn +=1
o_win = get_o_win(board_copy)
x_win = get_o_win(board_copy)
if o_win: # PLAYER WINS
return (-1, None)
elif x_win: # AI WINS
return (1, None)
elif turn == 9: #TIE
return (0, None)
else:
if turn%2==0: # Player's Turn
board_copy = copy.deepcopy(board)
best = (0, None)
for x in range(3):
for y in range(3):
if board_copy[x][y] == "n":
board_copy[x][y] = "o"
turn += 1
temporary_score_tuple = AI_Turn(board, turn)
best_score = best[0]
temporary_score = temporary_score_tuple[0]
if temporary_score > best_score:
best = (temporary_score,[x,y])
return best
else: # AI's Turn
board_copy = copy.deepcopy(board)
best = (0, None)
for x in range(3):
for y in range(3) :
if board_copy[x][y] == "n":
board_copy[x][y] = "x"
turn += 1
temporary_score_tuple = AI_Turn(board, turn)
best_score = best[0]
temporary_score = temporary_score_tuple[0]
if temporary_score > best_score:
best = (temporary_score,[x,y])
return best[1]
def draw_box(x1,y1,x2,y2,fillcolor,outline,text):
pointer.pensize(15)
pointer.color(outline)
pointer.goto(x1,y1)
pointer.begin_fill()
pointer.fillcolor(fillcolor)
pointer.down()
pointer.goto(x2,y1)
pointer.goto(x2,y2)
pointer.goto(x1,y2)
pointer.goto(x1,y1)
pointer.end_fill()
pointer.up()
pointer.goto(x1+(x2-x1)/2,(y1-0.15)+(y2-y1)/2)
style = ("Courier", 50, "bold")
pointer.color("white")
pointer.write(text, font=style, align="center")
pointer.pensize(27)
def draw_o(x,y):
pointer.goto(x,y)
pointer.shape("circle")
pointer.color("tomato")
pointer.shapesize(7,7)
pointer.stamp()
pointer.color("Cornflower Blue")
pointer.shapesize(4.2,4.2)
pointer.stamp()
def draw_X(x,y):
pointer.color("navy blue")
draw_line(x+0.17,y+0.17,x-0.17,y-0.17)
draw_line(x-0.17,y+0.17,x+0.17,y-0.17)
def load():
global board, sign, turn, start
start_ttt()
with open ("board.txt", "r") as f:
BOARD = f.readlines()
b1 = (((BOARD[0].replace("'","")).replace("n","")).replace(" ","")).split(",")
b2 = (((BOARD[1].replace("'","")).replace("n","")).replace(" ","")).split(",")
b3 = (((BOARD[2].replace("'","")).replace("n","")).replace(" ","")).split(",")
board = [b1,b2,b3]
for x in range(3):
for y in range(3):
if board[x][y] == "x":
draw_X(x + 0.5, y + 0.5)
turn += 1
elif board[x][y] == "o":
draw_o(x + 0.5, y + 0.5)
turn +=1
def save():
global board
with open ("board.txt","w") as f:
f.write((str(board[0]).strip("[")).strip("]") +"n")
f.write((str(board[1]).strip("[")).strip("]") + "n")
f.write((str(board[2]).strip("[")).strip("]") + "n")
def draw_line(x1,y1,x2,y2):
pointer.up()
pointer.goto(x1,y1)
pointer.down()
pointer.goto(x2,y2)
pointer.up()
def reset():
global win, start, control_menu, turn, statistics_menu,settings_menu,player
pointer.clear()
pointer.goto(1.45,2.4)
pointer.color("Black")
style = ("Courier", 70, "bold")
pointer.write("TIC TAC TOE", font=style, align="center")
draw_box(0.5, 2.2, 2.5, 1.8, "blue", "medium blue","Start")
draw_box(0.5, 1.7, 2.5, 1.3, "Gold", "Goldenrod", "Controls")
draw_box(0.5,1.2,2.5,0.8,"Green", "Dark Green", "Statistics")
draw_box(1.8,0.1,2.8,0.6,"Red","Dark Red","Quit")
draw_box(0.25, 0.1,1.4 , 0.6, "hot pink","deep pink" , "Settings")
board = [["n","n","n"],["n","n","n"],["n","n","n"]]
win = False
start = False
control_menu = False
statistics_menu = False
settings_menu = False
turn = 0
def start_ttt():
global turn, win, board
pointer.clear()
pointer.color("black")
draw_line(0,2,3,2)
draw_line(0,1,3,1)
draw_line(1,3,1,0)
draw_line(2,3,2,0)
turn = 0
win = False
board = [["n","n","n"],["n","n","n"],["n","n","n"]]
def box_clicker(x,y):
global turn, win, start, control_menu, o_placed, x_placed, statistics_menu, settings_menu, player
if start:
if not win:
if turn % 2 == 0:
sign = "o"
else:
sign = "x"
if 0 < x < 0.9:
if 0.1 < y < 0.9 and board[0][0] == "n":
if sign == "x":
draw_X(0.5,0.5)
x_placed += 1
else:
draw_o(0.5,0.5)
o_placed += 1
board[0][0] = sign
turn += 1
elif 1.1 < y < 1.9 and board[0][1] == "n":
if sign == "x":
draw_X(0.5,1.5)
x_placed += 1
else:
draw_o(0.5,1.5)
o_placed += 1
board[0][1] = sign
turn += 1
elif 2.1 < y < 2.9 and board[0][2] == "n":
if sign == "x":
draw_X(0.5,2.5)
x_placed += 1
else:
draw_o(0.5,2.5)
o_placed += 1
board[0][2] = sign
turn += 1
elif 1.1 < x <1.9:
if 0 < y < 0.9 and board[1][0] == "n":
if sign == "x":
draw_X(1.5,0.5)
x_placed += 1
else:
draw_o(1.5,0.5)
o_placed += 1
board[1][0] = sign
turn += 1
elif 1.1 < y < 1.9 and board[1][1] == "n":
if sign == "x":
draw_X(1.5,1.5)
x_placed += 1
else:
draw_o(1.5,1.5)
o_placed += 1
board[1][1] = sign
turn += 1
elif 2.1 < y < 2.9 and board[1][2] == "n":
if sign == "x":
draw_X(1.5,2.5)
x_placed += 1
else:
draw_o(1.5,2.5)
o_placed += 1
board[1][2] = sign
turn += 1
elif 2.1 < x < 2.9:
if 0 < y < 0.9 and board[2][0] == "n":
if sign == "x":
draw_X(2.5,0.5)
x_placed += 1
else:
draw_o(2.5,0.5)
o_placed += 1
board[2][0] = sign
turn += 1
elif 1.1 < y < 1.9 and board[2][1] == "n":
if sign == "x":
draw_X(2.5,1.5)
x_placed += 1
else:
draw_o(2.5,1.5)
o_placed += 1
board[2][1] = sign
turn += 1
elif 2.1 < y < 2.9 and board[2][2] == "n":
if sign == "x":
draw_X(2.5,2.5)
x_placed += 1
else:
draw_o(2.5,2.5)
o_placed += 1
board[2][2] = sign
turn += 1
if player == 1:
if turn%2 == 1:
AImove = AI_Turn(board,turn)
print(AImove)
board[AImove[0]][AImove[1]] = "x"
draw_X(AImove[0] + 0.5, AImove[1] + 0.5)
x_placed += 1
turn += 1
sign = "x"
print(board)
win = get_Win(board)
if win == True:
pointer.color("deep pink")
style = ("Courier", 100, "bold")
pointer.goto(1.55,1.5)
pointer.write((sign) + " WINS!", font=style, align="center")
win = True
pointer.color("Black")
if sign == "x":
x_wins += 1
else:
o_wins += 1
with open("Statistics.txt", "r+") as f:
stats = f.readlines()
oo = int(stats[0])
xx = int(stats[1])
o_placed += oo
x_placed += xx
f.write(str(o_placed) + "n" + str(x_placed))
elif turn == 9:
pointer.color("grey")
pointer.goto(1.55,1.5)
style = ("Courier", 70, "bold")
pointer.write("It's a draw...", font=style, align="center")
pointer.color("Black")
with open("Statistics.txt", "r+") as f:
stats = f.readlines()
oo = int(stats[0])
xx = int(stats[1])
o_placed += oo
x_placed += xx
f.write(str(o_placed) + "n" + str(x_placed) + "n")
elif start == False and control_menu == False and statistics_menu == False and settings_menu == False:
if 0.5<x<2.5 and 1.8<y<2.2:
start = True
start_ttt()
elif 1.8<x<2.8 and 0.1<y<0.6:
turtle.bye()
elif 0.5<x<2.5 and 1.3<y<1.7: # Controls Button
pointer.clear()
draw_box(1.8, 0.6, 2.8, 0.2, "Gold", "Goldenrod", "Back")
pointer.color("Black")
pointer.goto(1.5,2.5)
style = ("Courier", 35, "bold")
pointer.write("CONTROLS", font = style, align="center")
pointer.goto(0.3,2.2)
style = ("Courier", 25, "bold")
pointer.write("Press s To Save The Current Board", font=style, align="left")
pointer.goto(0.3,1.9)
pointer.write("Press l To Load A Previously Saved Board", font=style, align="left")
pointer.goto(0.3,1.6)
pointer.write("Press r To Reset The Game", font=style, align="left")
control_menu = True
elif 0.5<x<2.5 and 0.8<y<1.2: # Statistics Button
statistics_menu = True
pointer.clear()
draw_box(1.8, 0.6, 2.8, 0.2, "Green", "Dark Green", "Back")
pointer.color("black")
pointer.goto(1.5,2.5)
style = ("Courier", 35, "bold")
pointer.write("STATISTICS", font = style, align="center")
pointer.goto(0.3,2.2)
style = ("Courier", 25, "bold")
pointer.write("O Placed: " + str(o_placed), font=style, align="left")
pointer.goto(0.3,1.9)
pointer.write("X Placed: " + str(x_placed), font=style, align="left")
elif 0.25<x<1.4 and 0.1<y<0.6: # Settings Button
settings_menu = True
pointer.clear()
pointer.color("black")
pointer.goto(1.5,2.5)
style = ("Courier", 35, "bold")
pointer.write("SETTINGS", font = style, align="center")
draw_box(2.8, 0.6, 1.8, 0.2, "Hot Pink", "Deep Pink", "Back")
draw_box(0.45, 1.8 ,0.6, 1.9, "hot pink", "deep pink", "")
style = ("Courier", 20, "bold")
pointer.color("Black")
pointer.goto(0.54,1.95)
pointer.write("Players", font=style, align="center")
if player == 2:
pointer.goto(0.65,1.79)
pointer.write("Two Players", font=style, align="left")
else:
pointer.goto(-0.1,1.79)
pointer.write("One Player", font=style, align="left")
elif control_menu == True and start == False and statistics_menu == False and settings_menu == False:
if 1.8<x<2.8 and 0.2<y<0.6:
reset()
elif control_menu == False and start == False and statistics_menu == True and settings_menu == False:
if 1.8<x<2.8 and 0.2<y<0.6:
reset()
elif control_menu == False and start == False and statistics_menu == False and settings_menu == True:
if 1.8<x<2.8 and 0.2<y<0.6:
reset()
elif 0.45<x<0.6 and 1.8<y<1.9:
if player == 2:
draw_box(0.65, 1.77, 1.2, 1.88, "cornflower blue", "cornflower blue", "")
pointer.goto(-0.1,1.79)
pointer.color("Black")
style = ("Courier", 20, "bold")
pointer.write("One Player", font=style, align="left")
player = 1
else:
draw_box(-1.1 ,1.77,0.4 ,1.88 , "cornflower blue", "cornflower blue", "")
pointer.goto(0.65,1.79)
pointer.color("black")
style = ("Courier", 20, "bold")
pointer.write("Two Players", font=style, align="left")
player = 2
screen = turtle.Screen()
screen.screensize(100,100)
screen.setworldcoordinates(0,0,3,3)
turtle.bgcolor("Cornflower Blue")
pointer = turtle.Turtle()
pointer.hideturtle()
pointer.up()
pointer.speed(0)
pointer.pensize(27)
reset()
o_placed = 0
x_placed = 0
x_wins = 0
o_wins= 0
player = 2
screen.onclick(box_clicker)
def bye():
turtle.bye()
screen.onkey(reset,"r")
screen.onkey(save,"s")
screen.onkey(load,"l")
screen.onkey(bye,"q")
screen.listen()
screen.mainloop()
看起来您在AI_Turn中遇到了一些逻辑问题。无限递归问题是由于：
temporary_score_tuple = AI_Turn(board, turn)我认为你的意思是传递board_copy而不是board(因为board没有改变，所以你的例行公事只会继续检查一个没有动作的棋盘(。
我可以看到一系列其他问题，包括错别字(例如x_win = get_o_win(board_copy)- 应get_x_win(通过可变范围问题。
我建议删除用户界面的复杂性，并尝试在添加一些日志记录的测试工具中运行此功能(这也是发布到堆栈溢出时使用的更好格式，因为其他代码与您的问题无关(。注意：下面非常粗糙，只是为了让你开始正确的方向(我已经修复了一些问题，但还有更多问题供您找到;您也可以在 https://repl.it/repls/MajorQuixoticCategories 运行它(。提示：尝试从电路板设置开始，距离获胜只有一步之遥。
import copy
def get_o_win(board):
if (
board[0][0] == board[0][1] == board[0][2] == "o"
or board[1][0] == board[1][1] == board[1][2] == "o"
or board[2][0] == board[2][1] == board[2][2] == "o"
or board[0][0] == board[1][0] == board[2][0] == "o"
or board[0][1] == board[1][1] == board[2][1] == "o"
or board[0][2] == board[1][2] == board[2][2] == "o"
or board[0][0] == board[1][1] == board[2][2] == "o"
or board[2][0] == board[1][1] == board[0][2] == "o"
):
return True
else:
return False
def get_X_win(board):
if (
board[0][0] == board[0][1] == board[0][2] == "x"
or board[1][0] == board[1][1] == board[1][2] == "x"
or board[2][0] == board[2][1] == board[2][2] == "x"
or board[0][0] == board[1][0] == board[2][0] == "x"
or board[0][1] == board[1][1] == board[2][1] == "x"
or board[0][2] == board[1][2] == board[2][2] == "x"
or board[0][0] == board[1][1] == board[2][2] == "x"
or board[2][0] == board[1][1] == board[0][2] == "x"
):
return True
else:
return False
def AI_Turn(board, turn):
turn = 0
for _ in board:
for __ in _:
if __ != "n":
turn +=1
print('turn: '.join(str(turn)))
o_win = get_o_win(board)
x_win = get_o_win(board)
if o_win: # PLAYER WINS
return (-1, None)
elif x_win: # AI WINS
return (1, None)
elif turn == 9: #TIE
return (0, None)
else:
if turn%2==0: # Player's Turn
board_copy = copy.deepcopy(board)
best = (0, None)
for x in range(3):
for y in range(3):
if board_copy[x][y] == "n":
board_copy[x][y] = "o"
turn += 1
print('User Trying:')
print ([''.join(['{:3}'.format(item) for item in row]) for row in board_copy])
temporary_score_tuple = AI_Turn(board_copy, turn)
best_score = best[0]
temporary_score = temporary_score_tuple[0]
if temporary_score > best_score:
best = (temporary_score,[x,y])
return best
else: # AI's Turn
board_copy = copy.deepcopy(board)
best = (0, None)
for x in range(3):
for y in range(3) :
if board_copy[x][y] == "n":
board_copy[x][y] = "x"
turn += 1
print('AI Trying:')
print ([''.join(['{:3}'.format(item) for item in row]) for row in board_copy])
temporary_score_tuple = AI_Turn(board_copy, turn)
best_score = best[0]
temporary_score = temporary_score_tuple[0]
if temporary_score > best_score:
best = (temporary_score,[x,y])
return best
print(AI_Turn([['n','n','n'],['n','n','n'],['n','n','n']], 0))