无法使用swig生成.pyd文件

Question

我正在尝试实现swig中给出的示例。我使用的是windows 11 64位电脑。它有3个文件

I文件

/* File: example.i */
%module example
%{
#define SWIG_FILE_WITH_INIT
#include "example.h"
%}
int fact(int n);

C文件

/* File: example.c */
#include "example.h"
int fact(int n) {
if (n < 0){ /* This should probably return an error, but this is simpler */
return 0;
}
if (n == 0) {
return 1;
}
else {
/* testing for overflow would be a good idea here */
return n * fact(n-1);
}
}

h文件

/* File: example.h */
int fact(int n);

我想手工编译。所以在cmd 上尝试了以下命令

swig -python example.i

这创建了两个文件，即1(example_wrap.c和2(example.py

gcc -O2 -fPIC -c example.c

这创建了一个示例.o文件

gcc -O2 -fPIC -c example_wrap.c -I"D:Program FilesPython310include"

我认为-我支持包含python头文件的目录。这创建了example_wrap.o文件。

gcc -shared example.o example_wrap.o -o _example.so

当我发出这个命令时，我得到了以下错误。

d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x3): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_NoneStruct'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x23): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_NoneStruct'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x5d): undefined reference to `__imp_PyLong_AsLong'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x66): undefined reference to `__imp_PyErr_Occurred'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x82): undefined reference to `__imp_PyLong_FromLong'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x93): undefined reference to `__imp_PyExc_TypeError'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xa3): undefined reference to `__imp_PyErr_SetString'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xb2): undefined reference to `__imp_PyErr_Clear'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xb9): undefined reference to `__imp_PyExc_OverflowError'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x181): undefined reference to `__imp_PyObject_GenericGetAttr'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1c3): undefined reference to `__imp_PyType_Ready'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x215): undefined reference to `__imp_PyArg_UnpackTuple'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x222): undefined reference to `__imp_PyBool_FromLong'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x235): undefined reference to `__imp_PyObject_IsTrue'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x240): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_NoneStruct'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x263): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_NoneStruct'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x287): undefined reference to `__imp_PyLong_FromVoidPtr'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x2a3): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_NoneStruct'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x325): undefined reference to `__imp_PyObject_GenericGetAttr'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x34b): undefined reference to `__imp_PyType_Ready'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x3b4): undefined reference to `__imp_PyObject_Free'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x406): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_NoneStruct'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x423): undefined reference to `__imp_PyExc_TypeError'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x433): undefined reference to `__imp_PyErr_SetString'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x47b): undefined reference to `__imp_PyBool_FromLong'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x483): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_NotImplementedStruct'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x62a): undefined reference to `__imp_PyUnicode_FromFormat'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x64c): undefined reference to `__imp_PyUnicode_FromFormat'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x69a): undefined reference to `__imp_PyUnicode_FromFormat'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x6b5): undefined reference to `__imp_PyUnicode_FromString'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x6e0): undefined reference to `__imp_PyCFunction_Type'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x6eb): undefined reference to `__imp_PyType_IsSubtype'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x713): undefined reference to `__imp_PyCMethod_New'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x726): undefined reference to `__imp_PyInstanceMethod_New'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x781): undefined reference to `__imp_PyUnicode_FromFormat'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x7a1): undefined reference to `__imp_PyUnicode_Concat'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x7ab): undefined reference to `__imp_Py_DecRef'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x819): undefined reference to `__imp_PyCapsule_GetPointer'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x82d): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_Dealloc'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x8da): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_Dealloc'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x8e9): undefined reference to `__imp_PyUnicode_FromString'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x93f): undefined reference to `__imp_PyObject_Free'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x99b): undefined reference to `__imp_PyErr_Fetch'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x9e1): undefined reference to `__imp_PyErr_Restore'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x9f4): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_Dealloc'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xa05): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_Dealloc'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xaa7): undefined reference to `__imp__PyObject_New'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xad5): undefined reference to `__imp_PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xaeb): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_Dealloc'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xafd): undefined reference to `__imp_PyErr_WriteUnraisable'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xb12): undefined reference to `__imp_PyErr_Restore'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xd20): undefined reference to `__imp_PyModule_Create2'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xd2e): undefined reference to `__imp_PyModule_GetDict'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xd83): undefined reference to `__imp_PyDict_SetItemString'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xd91): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_NoneStruct'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xddf): undefined reference to `__imp__PyObject_New'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xe7c): undefined reference to `__imp__PyObject_New'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xee5): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_Dealloc'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xefa): undefined reference to `__imp__PyObject_New'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0xf3a): undefined reference to `__imp__PyObject_New'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1120): undefined reference to `__imp__PyObject_New'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1166): undefined reference to `__imp_PyObject_Call'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1198): undefined reference to `__imp_PyObject_SetAttr'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x11b9): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_Dealloc'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x123e): undefined reference to `__imp_PyCapsule_Import'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x124b): undefined reference to `__imp_PyErr_Occurred'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x125a): undefined reference to `__imp_PyErr_Clear'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1272): undefined reference to `__imp_PyImport_AddModule'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x128f): undefined reference to `__imp_PyCapsule_New'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x12b4): undefined reference to `__imp_PyModule_AddObject'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x12c0): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_NoneStruct'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x12da): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_Dealloc'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x12f2): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_Dealloc'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1309): undefined reference to `__imp_PyUnicode_FromString'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1324): undefined reference to `__imp_PyDict_New'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1369): undefined reference to `__imp_PyTuple_New'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1380): undefined reference to `__imp_PyDict_New'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x13d9): undefined reference to `__imp_PyObject_SetAttr'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1430): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_Dealloc'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1443): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_Dealloc'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1457): undefined reference to `__imp_PyUnicode_FromString'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1474): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_Dealloc'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x1490): undefined reference to `__imp_PyUnicode_FromString'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x14b7): undefined reference to `__imp__Py_Dealloc'
d:/mingw/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-w64-mingw32/11.2.0/../../../../x86_64-w64-mingw32/bin/ld.exe: example_wrap.o:example_wrap.c:(.text+0x14ca): undefined reference to `__imp_PyObject_Free'

1( 这是链接器错误吗？

2( 在D:\Program Files\Python310\lib中有两个lib文件python3.lib和Python310.lib。这两个文件之间的区别是什么？使用哪一个？

3( 如何在g++中链接.lib文件？

Answer 1

我的疑问是如何在g++中链接.lib文件。我以为g++只链接.a文件。我也被马蒂厄的回答弄糊涂了。这里给出了链接.lib的清晰描述。

1. 是的，这是一个链接器错误
2. 这里有答案
3. 在命令中，添加-L，然后添加python安装目录中python3XX.lib文件的位置，并添加-l和不带.lib扩展名的库文件名。下面是一个示例g++ -shared -L"D:Program FilesPython310libs" example.o example_wrap.o -o _example.pyd -lpython310