游戏结束后，我试图暂停游戏。为此，我在class Game_Snake2下的game_over()函数中引发了raise'Game Over!'，并在同一类的run()函数中使用了try和exception。但不幸的是，我得到了TypeError：异常必须从BaseException派生。我不知道我搞砸了什么！帮我把它扔掉。提前谢谢
我的代码在这里：
import pygame, sys, random
from pygame.locals import *
from pygame.math import Vector2
from pathlib import *
cell_size = 40
cell_number = 19
screen_color = (175, 215, 70)
snake_color = (183, 111, 122)
food_color = (70, 70, 214)
score_color = (56, 76, 11)
score_bg_color = (167, 211, 65)
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((cell_number * cell_size, cell_number * cell_size))
base_directory = Path(__file__).parent.absolute()
apple_path = 'snake2_resources/images/apple.png'
apple = pygame.image.load(base_directory / apple_path).convert_alpha()
font_path = base_directory / 'snake2_resources/font/poetsen_one_regular.ttf'
game_font = pygame.font.Font(font_path, 24)
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
class Snake:
def __init__(self):
self.snake_body = [Vector2(5, 10),Vector2(4, 10),Vector2(3, 10)]
self.direction = Vector2(0, 0)
self.new_body = False
snake_path = base_directory / 'snake2_resources/images/snake'
self.head_up = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'head_up.png').convert_alpha()
self.head_down = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'head_down.png').convert_alpha()
self.head_right = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'head_right.png').convert_alpha()
self.head_left = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'head_left.png').convert_alpha()
self.tail_up = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'tail_up.png').convert_alpha()
self.tail_down = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'tail_down.png').convert_alpha()
self.tail_right = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'tail_right.png').convert_alpha()
self.tail_left = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'tail_left.png').convert_alpha()
self.body_vertical = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'body_vertical.png').convert_alpha()
self.body_horizontal = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'body_horizontal.png').convert_alpha()
self.body_tr = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'body_tr.png').convert_alpha()
self.body_tl = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'body_tl.png').convert_alpha()
self.body_br = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'body_br.png').convert_alpha()
self.body_bl = pygame.image.load(snake_path / 'body_bl.png').convert_alpha()
def update_snake_head(self):
head_direction = self.snake_body[1] - self.snake_body[0]
if head_direction == Vector2(1, 0):
self.head = self.head_left
elif head_direction == Vector2(-1, 0):
self.head = self.head_right
elif head_direction == Vector2(0, 1):
self.head = self.head_up
elif head_direction == Vector2(0, -1):
self.head = self.head_down
def update_snake_tail(self):
tail_direction = self.snake_body[-2] - self.snake_body[-1]
if tail_direction == Vector2(1, 0):
self.tail = self.tail_left
elif tail_direction == Vector2(-1, 0):
self.tail = self.tail_right
elif tail_direction == Vector2(0, 1):
self.tail = self.tail_up
elif tail_direction == Vector2(0, -1):
self.tail = self.tail_down
def draw_snake(self):
self.update_snake_head()
self.update_snake_tail()
for index, body_part in enumerate(self.snake_body):
body_part_x = body_part.x * cell_size
body_part_y = body_part.y * cell_size
body_part_surface = pygame.Rect(body_part_x, body_part_y, cell_size, cell_size)
if index == 0:
screen.blit(self.head, body_part_surface)
elif index == len(self.snake_body) - 1:
screen.blit(self.tail, body_part_surface)
else:
previous_body_part = self.snake_body[index + 1] - body_part
next_body_part = self.snake_body[index - 1] - body_part
if previous_body_part.x == next_body_part.x:
screen.blit(self.body_vertical, body_part_surface)
elif previous_body_part.y == next_body_part.y:
screen.blit(self.body_horizontal, body_part_surface)
else:
if previous_body_part.x == -1 and next_body_part.y == -1 or previous_body_part.y == -1 and next_body_part.x == -1:
screen.blit(self.body_tl, body_part_surface)
elif previous_body_part.x == -1 and next_body_part.y == 1 or previous_body_part.y == 1 and next_body_part.x == -1:
screen.blit(self.body_bl, body_part_surface)
elif previous_body_part.x == 1 and next_body_part.y == -1 or previous_body_part.y == -1 and next_body_part.x == 1:
screen.blit(self.body_tr, body_part_surface)
elif previous_body_part.x == 1 and next_body_part.y == 1 or previous_body_part.y == 1 and next_body_part.x == 1:
screen.blit(self.body_br, body_part_surface)
def add_body(self):
self.new_body = True
def move_snake(self):
if self.new_body == True:
snake_body_copy = self.snake_body[:]
snake_body_copy.insert(0, snake_body_copy[0] + self.direction)
self.snake_body = snake_body_copy[:]
self.new_body = False
else:
snake_body_copy = self.snake_body[: -1]
snake_body_copy.insert(0, snake_body_copy[0] + self.direction)
self.snake_body = snake_body_copy[:]
def reset(self):
self.snake_body = [Vector2(5, 10), Vector2(4, 10), Vector2(3, 10)]
self.direction = Vector2(0, 0)
class Food:
def __init__(self):
self.randomize()
def draw_food(self):
food_surface = pygame.Rect(self.position.x * cell_size, self.position.y * cell_size, cell_size, cell_size)
screen.blit(apple, food_surface)
def randomize(self):
self.food_x = random.randint(0, cell_number - 1)
self.food_y = random.randint(0, cell_number - 1)
self.position = Vector2(self.food_x, self.food_y)
class Game_Snake2:
def __init__(self):
self.screen_update = pygame.USEREVENT
pygame.time.set_timer(self.screen_update, 156)
self.snake = Snake()
self.food = Food()
self.pause = False
def draw_grass(self):
grass_color = (167, 209, 61)
for row in range(cell_number):
if row % 2 == 0:
for column in range(cell_number):
if column % 2 == 0:
grass_surface = pygame.Rect(column * cell_size, row * cell_size, cell_size, cell_size)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, grass_color, grass_surface)
else:
for column in range(cell_number):
if column % 2 != 0:
grass_surface = pygame.Rect(column * cell_size, row * cell_size, cell_size, cell_size)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, grass_color, grass_surface)
def display_score(self):
score = str(len(self.snake.snake_body) - 3)
score_surface = game_font.render(score, True, score_color)
score_x = cell_size * cell_number - 60
score_y = cell_size * cell_number - 40
score_shape = score_surface.get_rect(center=(score_x, score_y))
score_apple = apple.get_rect(midright = (score_shape.left, score_shape.centery))
score_background = pygame.Rect(score_apple.left, score_apple.top, score_apple.width + score_shape.width + 6, score_apple.height)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, score_bg_color, score_background)
screen.blit(score_surface, score_shape)
screen.blit(apple, score_apple)
pygame.draw.rect(screen, score_color, score_background, 2)
def draw_elements(self):
self.draw_grass()
self.snake.draw_snake()
self.food.draw_food()
self.display_score()
def play_sound(self, sound_name):
sound_path = base_directory / f'snake2_resources/sounds/{sound_name}.mp3'
sound = pygame.mixer.Sound(sound_path)
sound.play()
def is_hit(self):
if self.food.position == self.snake.snake_body[0]:
self.food.randomize()
self.snake.add_body()
self.play_sound('ding')
for body_part in self.snake.snake_body[1:]:
if body_part == self.food.position:
self.food.randomize()
def game_over(self):
if not 0 <= self.snake.snake_body[0].x < cell_number or not 0 <= self.snake.snake_body[0].y < cell_number:
self.play_sound('crash')
raise 'Game Over!'
# self.snake.reset()
for tail in self.snake.snake_body[1:]:
if tail == self.snake.snake_body[0]:
raise 'Game Over!'
# self.snake.reset()
def update_screen(self):
self.snake.move_snake()
self.is_hit()
self.game_over()
def run(self):
running = True
while running:
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == K_ESCAPE:
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()
if event.key == K_RETURN:
# pygame.mixer.music.unpause()
self.pause = False
self.snake.reset()
if not self.pause:
if event.key == pygame.K_UP:
if game.snake.direction.y != 1:
game.snake.direction = Vector2(0, -1)
if event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
if game.snake.direction.y != -1:
game.snake.direction = Vector2(0, 1)
if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
if game.snake.direction.x != 1:
game.snake.direction = Vector2(-1, 0)
if event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
if game.snake.direction.x != -1:
game.snake.direction = Vector2(1, 0)
elif event.type == self.screen_update:
self.update_screen()
elif event.type == pygame.QUIT:
pygame.quit()
sys.exit()
try:
if not self.pause and event.type == self.screen_update:
self.update_screen()
except Exception:
self.display_score()
self.pause = True
screen.fill(screen_color)
self.draw_elements()
pygame.display.update()
clock.tick(60)
if __name__ == '__main__':
game = Game_Snake2()
game.run()
我得到这个错误：
pygame 2.0.1 (SDL 2.0.14, Python 3.9.4)
Hello from the pygame community. https://www.pygame.org/contribute.html
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "e:archive_rootCSEPythonportfolio_pyprojects_pygames_pysnake2_pysnake_game2.py", line 271, in <module>
game.run()
File "e:archive_rootCSEPythonportfolio_pyprojects_pygames_pysnake2_pysnake_game2.py", line 250, in run
self.update_screen()
File "e:archive_rootCSEPythonportfolio_pyprojects_pygames_pysnake2_pysnake_game2.py", line 215, in update_screen
self.game_over()
File "e:archive_rootCSEPythonportfolio_pyprojects_pygames_pysnake2_pysnake_game2.py", line 209, in game_over
raise 'Game Over!'
TypeError: exceptions must derive from BaseException
您需要raise而不是str一种特定类型的异常，例如
raise RuntimeError('Game Over!')
您可以使用其中一个内置异常，也可以通过从适当的基类继承来定义自己的异常。
不能将raise和string作为异常，必须传递异常实例或类。或者正如官方python错误教程中提到的那样。
要引发的唯一参数指示要引发的异常。这必须是异常实例或异常类(类源自Exception(。
所以你必须使用现有的Exception类，比如RuntimeError，就像@Cory Kramer在他的回答中解释的那样。
或者创建自己的Exception类。
class GameOverException(Exception):
pass
并称之为
raise GameOverException('Game Over!')