Python中是否存在同时提供可变积分极限(如scipy)和高精度(如mpmath)的多重积分器

Question

我可以使用scipy quad和nquad进行涉及可变积分极限的四重积分。问题是，当无法达到要求的公差时，使用的默认精度会引发错误。使用mpmath积分器，我可以通过设置mp.dps=任意来定义任何任意精度，但我看不出极限是否以及如何像nquad一样变为可变的。Mpmath还在quadgl中使用高斯-勒让德方法提供了一个非常快速的执行，这是非常理想的，因为我的函数是平滑的，但使用scipy完成四个积分需要花费大量的时间。请帮忙。以下只是一个简单的函数，它没有达到我的目标：

from datetime import datetime
import scipy
from scipy.special import jn, jn_zeros
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpmath import *
from mpmath import mp
from numpy import *
from scipy.optimize import *
# Set the precision
mp.dps = 15#; mp.pretty = True
# Setup shortcuts, so we can just write exp() instead of mp.exp(), etc.
F = mp.mpf
exp = mp.exp
sin = mp.sin
cos = mp.cos
asin = mp.asin
acos = mp.acos
sqrt = mp.sqrt
pi = mp.pi
tan = mp.tan
start = datetime.now()
print(start)
#optionsy={'limit':100, 'epsabs':1.49e-1, 'epsrel':1.49e-01}
#optionsx={'limit':100, 'epsabs':1.49e-1, 'epsrel':1.49e-01}
def f(x,y,z):
return 2*sqrt(1-x**2) + y**2.0 + z
def rangex(y,z):
return [-1,1]
def rangey(z):
return [1,2]
def rangez():
return [2,3]

def result():
return quadgl(f, rangex, rangey, rangez)
"""
#The below works:
def result():
return quadgl(f, [-1,1], [1,2], [2,3])
"""
print(result())
end = datetime.now()
print(end-start)

Answer 1

好的，让我把一些答案放进去，很难把代码放在注释中

MP数学的简单优化就是遵循简单的规则：

1. y^2.0非常昂贵(log，exp，…(，用y*y替换
2. y²仍然很贵，用y*y代替
3. 乘法比求和要贵得多，用(x+y(*y代替x*y+y**2.0
4. 除法比乘法更贵，用0.25*y代替y/4

代码，Win 10 x64，Python 3.8

def f3():
def f2(x):
def f1(x,y):
def f(x,y,z):
return 1.0 + (x+y)*y + 3.0*z
return mpmath.quadgl(f, [-1.0, 1], [1.2*x, 1.0], [0.25*y, x*x])
return mpmath.quadgl(f1, [-1, 1.0], [1.2*x, 1.0])
return mpmath.quadgl(f2, [-1.0, 1.0])

在我的电脑上，从12.9秒到10.6秒，大约有20%的折扣

Answer 2

下面是一个简单的例子，说明如何使用mpmath只进行三重集成。这并不能解决四次积分的高精度问题。在任何情况下，执行时间都是一个更大的问题。欢迎任何帮助。

from datetime import datetime
import scipy
import numpy as np
from mpmath import *
from mpmath import mp
from numpy import *
# Set the precision
mp.dps = 20#; mp.pretty = True
# Setup shortcuts, so we can just write exp() instead of mp.exp(), etc.
F = mp.mpf
exp = mp.exp
sin = mp.sin
cos = mp.cos
asin = mp.asin
acos = mp.acos
sqrt = mp.sqrt
pi = mp.pi
tan = mp.tan
start = datetime.now()
print('start: ',start)
def f3():
def f2(x):
def f1(x,y):
def f(x,y,z):
return 1.0 + x*y + y**2.0 + 3.0*z
return quadgl(f, [-1.0, 1], [1.2*x, 1.0], [y/4, x**2.0])
return quadgl(f1, [-1, 1.0], [1.2*x, 1.0])
return quadgl(f2, [-1.0, 1.0])
print('result =', f3())
end = datetime.now()
print('duration in mins:',end-start)
#start:  2020-08-19 17:05:06.984375
#result = 5.0122222222222221749
#duration: 0:01:35.275956

此外，尝试将一个(第一个(scipy积分与三个mpmath积分相结合，即使使用最简单的函数，在超过24小时的时间内似乎也不会产生任何输出。以下代码有什么问题？

from datetime import datetime
import scipy
import numpy as np
from mpmath import *
from mpmath import mp
from numpy import *
from scipy import integrate
# Set the precision
mp.dps = 15#; mp.pretty = True
# Setup shortcuts, so we can just write exp() instead of mp.exp(), etc.
F = mp.mpf
exp = mp.exp
sin = mp.sin
cos = mp.cos
asin = mp.asin
acos = mp.acos
sqrt = mp.sqrt
pi = mp.pi
tan = mp.tan
start = datetime.now()
print('start: ',start)
#Function to be integrated
def f(x,y,z,w):
return 1.0 + x + y + z + w 

#Scipy integration:FIRST INTEGRAL
def f0(x,y,z):
return integrate.quad(f, -20, 10, args=(x,y,z), epsabs=1.49e-12, epsrel=1.4e-8)[0]

#Mpmath integrator of function f0(x,y,z): THREE OUTER INTEGRALS
def f3():
def f2(x):
def f1(x,y):
return quadgl(f0, [-1.0, 1], [-2, x], [-10, y])
return quadgl(f1, [-1, 1.0], [-2, x])
return quadgl(f2, [-1.0, 1.0])
print('result =', f3())
end = datetime.now()
print('duration:', end-start)

以下是提出最初问题的完整代码。它包含使用scipy来执行四个集成：

# Imports
from datetime import datetime
import scipy.integrate as si
import scipy
from scipy.special import jn, jn_zeros
from scipy.integrate import quad
from scipy.integrate import nquad
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from scipy.integrate import fixed_quad
from scipy.integrate import quadrature
from mpmath import mp
from numpy import *
from scipy.optimize import *
# Set the precision
mp.dps = 30
# Setup shortcuts, so we can just write exp() instead of mp.exp(), etc.
F = mp.mpf
exp = mp.exp
sin = mp.sin
cos = mp.cos
asin = mp.asin
acos = mp.acos
sqrt = mp.sqrt
pi = mp.pi
tan = mp.tan
start = datetime.now()
print(start)
R1 = F(6.37100000000000e6)
k1 = F(8.56677817058932e-8)
R2 = F(1.0)
k2 = F(5.45789437248245e-01)
r = F(12742000.0)
#Replace computed initial constants with values presuming is is faster, like below:
#a2 = R2/r
#print(a2) 
a2 = F(0.0000000784806152880238581070475592529)
def u1(phi2):
return r*cos(phi2)-r*sqrt(a2**2.0-(sin(phi2))**2.0)
def u2(phi2):
return r*cos(phi2)+r*sqrt(a2**2.0-(sin(phi2))**2.0)
def om(u,phi2):
return u-r*cos(phi2)
def mp2(phi2):
return r*sin(phi2)
def a1(u):
return R1/u
optionsx={'limit':100, 'epsabs':1.49e-14, 'epsrel':1.49e-11}
optionsy={'limit':100, 'epsabs':1.49e-14, 'epsrel':1.49e-10}
#---- in direction u
def a1b1_u(x,y,u):
return 2.0*u*sqrt(a1(u)**2.0-(sin(y))**2.0)
def oa2_u(x,y,u,phi2):
return (mp2(phi2)*sin(y)*cos(x)+om(u,phi2)*cos(y) 
- sqrt((mp2(phi2)*sin(y)*cos(x)+om(u,phi2)*(cos(y)))**2.0 
+ R2**2.0-om(u,phi2)**2.0-mp2(phi2)**2.0))
def ob2_u(x,y,u,phi2):
return (mp2(phi2)*sin(y)*cos(x)+om(u,phi2)*cos(y) 
+ sqrt((mp2(phi2)*sin(y)*cos(x)+om(u,phi2)*(cos(y)))**2.0 
+ R2**2.0-om(u,phi2)**2.0-mp2(phi2)**2.0))
def func1_u(x,y,u,phi2):
return (-exp(-k1*a1b1_u(x,y,u)-k2*ob2_u(x,y,u,phi2))+exp(+k2*oa2_u(x,y,u,phi2)))*sin(y)*cos(y)

#--------joint_coaxial integration: u1
def fg_u1(u,phi2):
return nquad(func1_u, [[-pi, pi], [0, asin(a1(u))]], args=(u,phi2), opts=[optionsx,optionsy])[0]
#Constants to be used for normalization at the end or in the interim inegrals if this helps adjust values for speed of execution
piA1 = pi*(R1**2.0-1.0/(2.0*k1**2.0)+exp(-2.0*k1*R1)*(2.0*k1*R1+1.0)/(2.0*k1**2.0))
piA2 = pi*(R2**2.0-1.0/(2.0*k2**2.0)+exp(-2.0*k2*R2)*(2.0*k2*R2+1.0)/(2.0*k2**2.0))
#----THIRD integral of u1
def third_u1(u,phi2):
return fg_u1(u,phi2)*u**2.0
def third_u1_I(phi2):
return quad(third_u1, u1(phi2), u2(phi2), args = (phi2), epsabs=1.49e-20, epsrel=1.49e-09)[0]

#----FOURTH integral of u1
def fourth_u1(phi2):
return third_u1_I(phi2)*sin(phi2)*cos(phi2)
def force_u1():
return quad(fourth_u1, 0.0, asin(a2), args = (), epsabs=1.49e-20, epsrel=1.49e-08)[0]

force_u1 = force_u1()*r**2.0*2.0*pi*k2/piA1/piA2
print('r = ', r, 'force_u1 =', force_u1)
end = datetime.now()
print(end)
args = {
'p':r,
'q':force_u1,
'r':start,
's':end
}   
#to txt file
f=open('Sphere-test-force-u-joint.txt', 'a')
f.write('n{p},{q},{r},{s}'.format(**args))
#f.flush()
f.close()

根据具体情况，我有兴趣将epsrel设置得足够低。epsabs通常是未知的先验，所以我知道我应该把它设置得很低，以避免它占据输出，在这种情况下，它引入了一个计算文章。当我降低它时，会发出一个错误警告，即舍入误差很大，总误差可能被低估，无法达到所需的公差。

Answer 3

虽然问题不在于速度，但后者与在询问精度和公差之前实际执行四重积分密切相关。为了测试速度，我设置(增加(了所有四个epsrel=1e-02，这将原始代码的时间减少到2:14(小时(。然后我简化了每个Severin的权力，并实施了一些备忘录。这些措施将时间累计减少到1:29(小时(。此处提供了编辑后的代码行：

from memoization import cached
@cached(ttl=10)
def u1(phi2):
return r*cos(phi2)-r*sqrt(a2*a2-sin(phi2)*sin(phi2))
@cached(ttl=10)
def u2(phi2):
return r*cos(phi2)+r*sqrt(a2*a2-sin(phi2)*sin(phi2))
@cached(ttl=10)
def om(u,phi2):
return u-r*cos(phi2)
@cached(ttl=10)
def mp2(phi2):
return r*sin(phi2)
@cached(ttl=10)
def a1(u):
return R1/u
optionsx={'limit':100, 'epsabs':1.49e-14, 'epsrel':1.49e-02}
optionsy={'limit':100, 'epsabs':1.49e-14, 'epsrel':1.49e-02}
def a1b1_u(x,y,u):
return 2.0*u*sqrt(a1(u)*a1(u)-sin(y)*sin(y))
def oa2_u(x,y,u,phi2):
return (mp2(phi2)*sin(y)*cos(x)+om(u,phi2)*cos(y) 
- sqrt((mp2(phi2)*sin(y)*cos(x)+om(u,phi2)*(cos(y)))**2.0 
+ 1.0-om(u,phi2)*om(u,phi2)-mp2(phi2)*mp2(phi2)))
def ob2_u(x,y,u,phi2):
return (mp2(phi2)*sin(y)*cos(x)+om(u,phi2)*cos(y) 
+ sqrt((mp2(phi2)*sin(y)*cos(x)+om(u,phi2)*(cos(y)))**2.0 
+ 1.0-om(u,phi2)*om(u,phi2)-mp2(phi2)*mp2(phi2)))
def third_u1(u,phi2):
return fg_u1(u,phi2)*u*u
def third_u1_I(phi2):
return quad(third_u1, u1(phi2), u2(phi2), args = (phi2), epsabs=1.49e-20, epsrel=1.49e-02)[0]

def force_u1():
return quad(fourth_u1, 0.0, asin(a2), args = (), epsabs=1.49e-20, epsrel=1.49e-02)[0]

然而，输出是由引入的公差不足引起的伪影。我可以逐渐将epsrel设置为较低的值，并查看结果是否在现实时间内以可用的scipy精度收敛到现实值。希望这能更好地说明原来的问题。