如何使用Coq在一阶逻辑中构造项



我试图在Coq中定义一阶逻辑,并从术语开始。假设c1c2是两个常数符号,变量为natf1f2是两个函数符号,其arities分别为1和2,我编写了以下代码。

Definition var := nat.
Inductive const : Type :=
| c1
| c2.
Inductive term : Type :=
| Con : const -> term
| Var : var -> term
| F1 : term -> term
| F2 : term -> term -> term.

然后,我得到了一份理想的入职培训。

Check term_ind.
(* ==> term_ind
: forall P : term -> Prop,
(forall c : const, P (Con c)) ->
(forall v : var, P (Var v)) ->
(forall t : term, P t -> P (F1 t)) ->
(forall t : term, P t -> forall t0 : term, P t0 -> P (F2 t t0)) ->
forall t : term, P t *)

然后我想把函数从term的定义中分离出来,所以我重写了上面的内容。

(*Idea A*)
Inductive funct {X : Type} : Type :=
| f1 : X -> funct
| f2 : X -> X -> funct.
Inductive term : Type :=
| Con : const -> term
| Var : var -> term
| Fun : @funct term -> term.
Check term_ind.
(* ==> term_ind
: forall P : term -> Prop,
(forall c : const, P (Con c)) ->
(forall v : var, P (Var v)) ->
(forall f1 : funct, P (Fun f1)) -> 
forall t : term, P t *)
Check funct_ind term.
(* ==> funct_ind term
: forall P : funct -> Prop,
(forall x : term, P (f1 x)) ->
(forall x x0 : term, P (f2 x x0)) -> 
forall f1 : funct, P f1 *)
(*Idea B*)
Inductive term : Type :=
| Con : const -> term
| Var : var -> term
| Fun : funct -> term
with funct : Type :=
| f1 : term -> funct
| f2 : term -> term -> funct.
Check term_ind.
(* ==> term_ind
: forall P : term -> Prop,
(forall c : const, P (Con c)) ->
(forall v : var, P (Var v)) ->
(forall f1 : funct, P (Fun f1)) ->
forall t : term, P t *)
Check funct_ind.
(* ==> funct_ind
: forall P : funct -> Prop,
(forall t : term, P (f1 t)) ->
(forall t t0 : term, P (f2 t t0)) ->
forall f1 : funct, P f1 *)

然而,这两种方法似乎都没有产生所需的归纳,因为它们没有归纳假设。

如何在不损失适当归纳的情况下,用与term的定义分离的函数来构造term

谢谢。

这是Coq的一个常见问题:为互斥类型和具有复杂递归出现的类型生成的归纳原理太弱。幸运的是,这可以通过手工定义归纳原理来解决。在您的情况下,最简单的方法是使用互斥定义,因为Coq可以帮助我们证明原理。

首先,让我们要求Coq不要生成其弱默认诱导原理:

Unset Elimination Schemes.
Inductive term : Type :=
| Con : const -> term
| Var : var -> term
| Fun : funct -> term
with funct : Type :=
| f1 : term -> funct
| f2 : term -> term -> funct.
Set Elimination Schemes.

(这不是绝对必要的,但它有助于保持全局命名空间的清洁。(

现在,让我们使用Scheme命令为以下类型生成一个相互感应原理:

Scheme term_ind' := Induction for term Sort Prop
with funct_ind' := Induction for funct Sort Prop.
(*
term_ind'
: forall (P : term -> Prop) (P0 : funct -> Prop),
(forall c : const, P (Con c)) ->
(forall v : var, P (Var v)) ->
(forall f1 : funct, P0 f1 -> P (Fun f1)) ->
(forall t : term, P t -> P0 (f1 t)) ->
(forall t : term, P t -> forall t0 : term, P t0 -> P0 (f2 t t0)) ->
forall t : term, P t
*)

这个原理已经足够强大,我们可以证明term的性质,但使用起来有点尴尬,因为它需要我们指定一个我们想要证明的关于funct类型的性质(P0谓词(。我们可以将其简化一点,以避免提及这个辅助谓词:我们只需要知道函数调用中的项满足我们想要证明的谓词。

Definition lift_pred (P : term -> Prop) (f : funct) : Prop :=
match f with
| f1 t => P t
| f2 t1 t2 => P t1 / P t2
end.
Lemma term_ind (P : term -> Prop) :
(forall c, P (Con c)) ->
(forall v, P (Var v)) ->
(forall f, lift_pred P f -> P (Fun f)) ->
forall t, P t.
Proof.
intros HCon HVar HFun.
apply (term_ind' P (lift_pred P)); trivial.
now intros t1 IH1 t2 IH2; split.
Qed.

如果你愿意,你也可以重写它,使其看起来更像最初的归纳原理:

Reset term_ind.
Lemma term_ind (P : term -> Prop) :
(forall c, P (Con c)) ->
(forall v, P (Var v)) ->
(forall t, P t -> P (Fun (f1 t))) ->
(forall t1, P t1 -> forall t2, P t2 -> P (Fun (f2 t1 t2))) ->
forall t, P t.
Proof.
intros HCon HVar HFun_f1 HFun_f2.
apply (term_ind' P (lift_pred P)); trivial.
- now intros [t|t1 t2]; simpl; intuition.
- now simpl; intuition.
Qed.

编辑

为了获得另一种方法的归纳原理,你必须手工编写一个证明术语:

Definition var := nat.
Inductive const : Type :=
| c1
| c2.
Inductive funct (X : Type) : Type :=
| f1 : X -> funct X
| f2 : X -> X -> funct X.
Arguments f1 {X} _.
Arguments f2 {X} _ _.
Unset Elimination Schemes.
Inductive term : Type :=
| Con : const -> term
| Var : var -> term
| Fun : funct term -> term.
Set Elimination Schemes.
Definition term_ind (P : term -> Type)
(HCon : forall c, P (Con c))
(HVar : forall v, P (Var v))
(HF1  : forall t, P t -> P (Fun (f1 t)))
(HF2  : forall t1, P t1 -> forall t2, P t2 -> P (Fun (f2 t1 t2))) :
forall t, P t :=
fix loop (t : term) : P t :=
match t with
| Con c => HCon c
| Var v => HVar v
| Fun (f1 t) => HF1 t (loop t)
| Fun (f2 t1 t2) => HF2 t1 (loop t1) t2 (loop t2)
end.

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