OpenGL在使用EBO时崩溃

Question

所以，这个有点特别，因为我不知道错误实际上来自哪里。我有一个PyOpenGL脚本，它应该使用VBO、VAO和EBO绘制一个有纹理的矩形。当我尝试在终端中运行该程序时(我使用的是Ubuntu 16.04(，它会创建一个空的透明窗口，暂停一段时间，然后再次关闭窗口，并在终端中发送一条"中止"消息。没有别的。

所以我想这可能是我这边的一个错误，所以这里有一些代码：

import math
import ctypes
import numpy as np
import glfw
from packages import shaderUtils
from PIL import Image
from OpenGL.GL import *
vert_shader_file = 'somename.vs'
frag_shader_file = 'somename.fs'
def main():
glfw.init()
glfw.window_hint(glfw.CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR, 4)
glfw.window_hint(glfw.CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR, 5)
glfw.window_hint(glfw.OPENGL_PROFILE, glfw.OPENGL_CORE_PROFILE)
window = glfw.create_window(800, 600, "helo wold", None, None)
glfw.make_context_current(window)
#----------TEXTURE STUFF-----------#
texture = glGenTextures(1)
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_MIRRORED_REPEAT)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR)
glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR)
textureFile = Image.open('container.jpg')
textureWidth, textureHeight, textureData = textureFile.size[0], textureFile.size[1], np.array(list(textureFile.getdata()), np.int8) 
if textureData.any():
glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, textureWidth, textureHeight, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, textureData)
glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D)
else:
print('Failed to load texture')
del textureData
vertices = np.array([
0.5, 0.5, 0,  1, 0, 0,  1, 1,
0.5,-0.5, 0,  0, 1, 0,  1, 0,
-0.5,-0.5, 0,  0, 0, 1,  0, 0,
-0.5, 0.5, 0,  1, 1, 0,  0, 1], dtype = 'float32')
indices = np.array([0, 1, 3,
1, 2, 3], dtype = 'int8')
shaderProgram = shaderUtils.shader(vert_shader_file, frag_shader_file)
shaderProgram.compile()
vbo, vao, ebo = glGenBuffers(1), glGenVertexArrays(1), glGenBuffers(1)
glBindVertexArray(vao)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vbo)
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vertices, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, ebo)
glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indices, GL_STATIC_DRAW)
glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(0))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(0)
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(12))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1)
glVertexAttribPointer(2, 2, GL_FLOAT, GL_FALSE, 32, ctypes.c_void_p(24))
glEnableVertexAttribArray(2)
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0)
glBindVertexArray(0)
while not glfw.window_should_close(window):
glClearColor(0.2, 0.3, 0.3, 1.0)
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
shaderProgram.use()
glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, texture)
glBindVertexArray(vao)
glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0)
glfw.swap_buffers(window)
glfw.poll_events()
glDeleteVertexArrays(1, vao)
glDeleteBuffers(1, vbo)
glDeleteBuffers(1, ebo)

glfw.terminate()
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()

这是我的顶点和片段着色器：

#version 450 core
layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
layout (location = 1) in vec3 aColor;
layout (location = 2) in vec2 aTexCoord;
out vec3 ourColor;
out vec2 TexCoord;
void main() {
gl_Position = vec4(aPos, 1.0);
ourColor = aColor;
TexCoord = aTexCoord;
}

#version 450 core
out vec4 FragColor;
in vec3 ourColor;
in vec2 TexCoord;
uniform sampler2D ourTexture;
void main()
{
FragColor = texture(ourTexture, TexCoord);
}

我想知道我做错了什么，因为这是我第一次使用EBO。谢谢

Answer 1

glDrawElements的最后一个参数类型为const GLvoid *，因此它必须是None而不是0:

glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0)

glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None)

此外，索引数组中的数据类型必须与glDrawElements的类型参数相对应。

'int32'和GL_UNSIGNED_INT:

indices = np.array([0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 3], dtype = 'int32')

glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_INT, None) 

或'int8'和GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE:

indices = np.array([0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 3], dtype = 'int8')

glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, None) 

当然，'int16'和GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT也会起作用：

indices = np.array([0, 1, 3, 1, 2, 3], dtype = 'int16')

glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, 6, GL_UNSIGNED_SHORT, None)